(WTO架构下之贸易谈判).ppt

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1、(WTO架构下之贸易谈架构下之贸易谈判判)I.IntroductionII.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchangeIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsIV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeV.ConclusionQuestion1:Did the WTO promote US-China trade bargaining since Chinas entry in 2001?Question2:Have their trade frictions been re

2、solved under the WTO regime? Question3:Can the mechanism of the WTO facilitate effectively US-China trade bargaining hence resolves their disputes and promotes their relations? Question4:How did the WTO change and affect Chinas trade behavior and Chinas relations with its trading partners? Source: h

3、ttp:/english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg, “consulted in March 2009”.US-ChinaTradeRelations:Since they established formal diplomatic relations in 1979, they signed a trade agreement granting each other the most-favoured-nation (MFN) status.The two-way trade developed and grew rapidly. Many trade d

4、isputes and frictions occurred.Americans were unsatisfied with many problems:e.g. Chinas arbitrary administrative interference and discriminatory regulatory processes, trade barriers, and unfair and non-transparent trade practices were prevalent. The U.S.A welcomed Chinas entry into the WTOAmericans

5、andWesternCountriesExpectationsofChinasaccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChinasrestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*Toensurethetransparencyo

6、fChinastradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*According to the US-China Business Council, the bilateral trade increased from $85.5 billion in 1998 to $386.7 bi

7、llion in 2007; it grew 4.5 times. Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008010203019981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Y earAnnual Growt h Rat e(% )Source: “US-China Trade Statistics and Chinas World Trade Statistics” US-China Business Council, http:/www.uschina.org/statistics/

8、tradetable.html, “consulted in March 2009”.*China now is worlds third-largest economy after the United States and Japan.*China is also now worlds third-largest trading nation, following the USA and Germany.*China-US two-way trade accounted for 17.7% of Chinas total trade amount. *The United States n

9、ow is Chinas largest trading partner. It is also Chinas largest export market, and its fourth-largest import supplier. *China is Americas third-largest export market and it is also Americas fastest growing export market.*China has passed Canada, becomes Americas biggest import supplier. US-ChinaTrad

10、eStructure:Table 1: Top US Exports to China 2007-1. Electrical machinery and equipment2. Power generation equipment3. Air and spacecraft4. Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits5. Plastics and articles thereof6. Optics and medical equipment7. Iron and steel8. Copper and articles thereof9. Organic chemicals

11、10. Pulp and paperboard -Source: The US-China Business Council, http:/www.uschina.org/statistics/tradetable.html, “consulted in March 2009”. Source of the photos: http:/www.mrmz.ru/global/img/com_foto/f5.jpg; http:/www.made-in- http:/www.environment-agency.gov.uk/netregs/businesses/62245.aspx,“consu

12、ltedinMarch2009”.Table2:TopUSImportsfromChina2007-1. Electrical machinery and equipment2. Power generation equipment3. Toys and games4. Apparel5. Furniture6. Footwear and parts thereof7. Iron and steel8. Plastics and articles thereof9. Leather and travel goods10. Vehicles other than railway-Source:

13、The US-China Business Council, http:/www.uschina.org/statistics/tradetable.html,“consulted in March 2009”. Source of the photos: http:/ http:/.sg/baby-products/baby-toys/soft-toys-plush-toy-TOY004-0.jpg; http:/ “consulted in March 2009”. China has gradually shifted its export structure from labour-i

14、ntensive products such as textiles; shoes; and toys to capital-intensive goods.US-China trade reached a particularly high level of growth:the years after 1979, when they established formal diplomatic relationsin the post-Cold War era. Total US-China bilateral trade increased from $17.8 billion in 19

15、89 to over $409 billion in 2008 China has become the USAs largest deficit trading partner, China had a trade surplus with the United States of $266.3 billion in 2008. Trade Disputes and Conflicts AppearedQuarrels before China joined the WTO:Chinas MFN status, Chinese exchange rate, IPRIII.BilateralT

16、radeDisputesandFrictionsAfter China joined the WTO: Disputes sent to the DSB A dispute arises when one member believes another is violating an agreement or a commitment Appeal to the DSB to resolve the dispute The DSB will establish “DisputePanels” to consider the case (The panels will make recommen

17、dation) The “AppellateBody” can amend the panels recommendation Disputes settled “outofcourt”, or remain in a prolongedconsultationphaseTable3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTO ComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteel safeguards(DS 252)anti-dumping duty on coated free sheet paper (DS 368)ant

18、i-dumping duties (DS 379)Chinapreferential VAT for IC(DS 309)auto parts(DS 340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSA ChinaTax refunds (DS 358)IPR(DS 362)Publication and audiovisualservices(DS 363)financialservices(DS 373)grants,loans(DS 387) IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime Savethe

19、consultationandbargainingtime: e.g. On the cases of Chinas preferential VAT rate for domestically produced ICs (DS 309); the measures China imposed on foreign financial information services and services suppliers (DS 373) were resolved “out-of-court” within 4 months even without establishing a panel

20、 as China agreed to amend the measures. 2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:e.g. (before) MFN linked with human rights issues(after) Trade issues do not need to be “politicised”3.Toensuretherealisationofstatescommitment: WTO is a long-term and iterative game, “the shadow of the fut

21、ure” can be lengthened; there will be no commitment problems. e.g. on the case of US steel safeguard measures (DS 252), although America was unsatisfied with the panel report, and appealed to the Appellate Body, it eventually accepted the decision of the DSB and promised to terminate all of the rela

22、tive safeguard measures. the game is repeated, if China and the United States want to play it, they will eventually choose to cooperate. Source: http:/www.wto.org/images/top_logo.gif, “consulted in March 2009”.4. Trade Policy Reviews Mechanism (TPRM): WTO helps to monitor and supervise states behavi

23、our and trade practices: e.g. Press released by the WTO (June 2008):The United States has taken further steps to liberalise its trade regime since its previous review in 2006. 5. To provide information about others preferences and intentions; decrease states uncertainty and fears for cooperating wit

24、h others: e.g. On the case of restricting foreign financial information services and service suppliers (DS 373), China released information by the WTO expressing its will to revise the measures and reached an agreement with the United States.Conclusion-Since China joined the WTO, although the WTO co

25、uld not help the United States to decrease its deficits with China, it did promote US-China trade relations by resolving their trade frictions. -Many disputes such as US steel safeguard measures, Chinas VAT refunds on ICs or its charges on imported automobile parts have been resolved successfully. -

26、Although some complicated disputes may take time to be resolved, or China may need time to revise its trade practices, a healthier trade environment in China can be expected since Chinas entry into WTO. -This therefore helps to stablise international trade environment, that is, the world needs China

27、, and vise versa, particularly under current global financial crisis. -The regime of WTO will not only continue to play a critical role in US-China trade but help to resolve their trade disputes and frictions hence promote the development of their relations.-In addition, since China joined the WTO, its trade practices have been regulated and performed better than before.