定语从句详细讲解.ppt

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1、The Attributive Clause 定语从句讲解定语从句讲解定语从句：在整个句子中相当于一个形容词，对某一名词或定语从句：在整个句子中相当于一个形容词，对某一名词或 代词起着修饰作用，作定语。代词起着修饰作用，作定语。 1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词 先行词与关系词是等量关系。先行词与关系词是等量关系。先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而先行词在从句中作

2、主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而 定。定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are many places that we can visit（them）in China. 限制性定语从句的构成限制性定语从句的构成The old lady who lives next to us sells books.You should do all that I said.I

3、have found the teather whom I am looking for .I visited the factory where my father works.关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词先行词先行词 之后之后,用陈述式语序用陈述式语序“.的的”关系词关系词1.从句位置及语序从句位置及语序:2.翻译方法翻译方法:3.构成构成先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系1.A plane is a machine that can fly. 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.3.The boy whose parent

4、s are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4.The school where I study is far from my home.the machine = thatthe boy =whothe boys =whosein the school = where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The

5、machine can fly.先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质the machinea machineJoin the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machine that /which关系代词的实质关系代词的实质J

6、oin the following sentences:The lady is Green. We saw her yesterday. herThe lady we saw yesterday is Green Who/that指人指人指物指物主语主语宾语宾语that whichwhowhom关系代词的用法关系代词的用法 关系代词在从句中可以：关系代词在从句中可以：何时可以省略？何时可以省略？做做宾语宾语时可以省略时可以省略关系代词的用法练习关系代词的用法练习1.The eggs were not fresh. I bought them yesterday.2.The boy was no

7、t tall. He came to supper last night.3.He prefers the cheese. It comes from the new farm. 4.The noodles were delicious. You cooked them. 5.I dont like the people. They smoke a lot. The eggs (that/which) I bought them were not fresh.The boy who/ that he came to supper last night was not tall. He pref

8、ers the cheese that / which it comes from the new farm.The noodles( which/ that )you cooked them were delicious.I dont like the people that / who they smoke a lot.关系副词和先行词的关系关系副词和先行词的关系I still remember the day when I came here. This is the house where I lived last year. There are many reasons why pe

9、ople like traveling. on the day =whenin the house= wherefor the reasons =why关系副词实际上是关系副词实际上是介词先行词介词先行词1.Ill never forget the days _ we worked together. 2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together. 3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago. 5.Th

10、is is the reason _ he was late. 6.This is the reason _ he gave. when /in whichwhich/thatwhere/ in whichwhich/thatwhy/ for whichthat/which几种易混的情况几种易混的情况及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用而不用which: （1）先行词被形容词最高级 序数词 数词几种词修饰或被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one

11、 of等修饰时。 （2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。 （3）先行词中既有人又有物时。 He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. （4）先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中作主语时。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. （5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。 Which are the books that you bought

12、for me ? 宜用宜用which而不用而不用that的情况的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时 （3）当先行词本身是that时 （4）当关系词离先行词较远时 关系词关系词who与与that指人时，也有不同指人时，也有不同情况情况分别分别用不同的关系词用不同的关系词（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。 （2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。 （3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the windo

13、w? （4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。 whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ? There is a room, whose window faces the river. There is a room, the window of which faces the river. 关系代词关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语在从句中作主语、宾语和和表语表语。（1）关系代词常出现在the sameas, suchas, soas, a

14、sas 等结构中This is not such a book as I expected.I live in the same building as he (lives in).Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.As many children as came here were my fathers pupils. the samethat和the sameas的区别I have bought the same watch as you have.我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。）This is the

15、same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块）（2） as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.Mary was late for school, as often happened.As is known to all, the earth is round. as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别which则不需要，例如：The man died last night, which is a

16、lie.as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。 Such books as you bought are useful. The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.the same that 引导定语从句。I want to use the same too

17、l that you used just now（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。 区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。 He didnt pass the exam, as we had expected. There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out. As is known, the earth is round, not flat. 难用的难用的 whoseThe teacher praised the student. His English

18、is the best in our class.The teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class.Join the following pair of sentences.whose =the students关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格难用的难用的 whoseThe house is mine. The window of the house is broken.Join the following pair of sentences.The house who

19、se window is broken is mine. whose=the houses windowThe house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the window is broken非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句The town where I live is beautiful.Kenli, where I live, is beautiful.Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular wi

20、th the students.Please compare:形式形式作用作用能否省略能否省略 翻译翻译限制性定限制性定语从句语从句非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句插入成分插入成分修饰限定修饰限定补充解释补充解释不能不能能能.的的关系副词关系副词when与与where、why, how, that (非正式非正式)when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which where指地点 = in / at / from / which why指原因 = for which How指方式= by which当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关

21、系副词。（非正式场合） I dont like the way that / in which / he talks. that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。 This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 必须注意的问题必须注意的问题 （1）、关

22、系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：The boy who is standing at the door is my son. 在one of the +复数名词+定语从句结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject. 在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。例如：This is the onl

23、y one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject. 区别定语从句与强调句定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。 强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 It is the museum that is near school.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句） He was nearly drowned once. When wa

24、s _? _ was in 1998 _he was in middle school. A. that; It; when B. this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It; that 简析：本题答案为A。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了D。这样就成了It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在1998年他上的中学”，孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被淹死？”而非“何时上的中学”。原来when是关系副词

25、，引导定语从句，修饰1998。定语从句when he was in middle school 干扰了强调句型中的that结构。定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语) We

26、expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.定语从句与状语从句 He left the key where he had been an hour before.(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where) He

27、 left the place where he lived for many years.(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.(as 引导定语从句) He is such a good teacher that we all like him.(that引导结果状语从句,suchthat “如此以致”定语从句与主语从句 As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，

28、可置于句首) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句) 关系词在从句中省略的情况关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain vil

29、lage where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited

30、last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the

31、one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，

32、介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.分析两种定语从句省略后的结果分析两种定语从句省略后的结果The town where I live is b

33、eautiful.Kenli, where I live, is beautiful.分析两种定语从句省略后的结果分析两种定语从句省略后的结果限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，所以不能省略所以不能省略非限制性定语从句和单句的比较非限制性定语从句和单句的比较2.He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.4.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 5.He has t

34、wo sons, both of _ are teachers.Thiswhichwhomthem that1.I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.whichas 引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.Itwhich/ a

35、s AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected定语从句在句首时只能用定语从句在句首时只能用as,as 引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句 (1)This is the same pen as I lost.This is the same pen that I lost.Please compare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。这本书就是我丢的那本。as 引导的限制性定

36、语从句引导的限制性定语从句 (2)This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthatPlease complete the following sentences and compare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书

37、。(定语从句定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句结果状语从句)介词介词+关系代词的情况关系代词的情况 1The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city which she lives is far away.toin介词介词+关系代词的情况关系代词的情况 2The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.toinAre these two sentences right?介词介词+关

38、系代词的情况关系代词的情况 3The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.toin Are these two sentences right?可见可见,who、that 不能用于介词之后不能用于介词之后 介词介词+关系代词的情况关系代词的情况 4Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better . 在固定短语中介词不能提前在固定短语中介词不能

39、提前下面两句中的介词能提前吗下面两句中的介词能提前吗? 1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies.介词介词+关系代词的情况关系代词的情况 练习练习on whichfor whichfrom whichabout which

40、through which 6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher. 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River. 8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill. 9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 10. He paid the boy $10 for wa

41、shing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.under whichof whichfrom whichto whomof which1.当先行词是不定代词时当先行词是不定代词时,如如:All ,few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything, 等等只能用只能用that 做关系代词的情况做关系代词的情况2.当先行词被当先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, any等修饰时等修饰时3.

42、当人和物合做先行词时当人和物合做先行词时4.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 5.在疑问词在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中开头的句子中在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中只能用只能用which 做关系代词的情况做关系代词的情况在介词后面在介词后面1.He did all / everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at sc

43、hool.4.He is the only man _ can do the work.5.This is the first thing _ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth. Exercise that , which or who?thatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthat , which

44、,whose, whom or who?9.Is there anything else _ you want to say?10.Any person _ has the money can join the group.11.He often speaks the role he played in the play, _ made others upset.12.He opened the door, in front of _ sat a boy.13.The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.14.The boy _ mother is d

45、ead was brought up by his father.thatthatwhichwhich whomwhoseBye bye! Bye bye!Bye bye! Bye bye!练习题1. The factory _ his mother works is in the east of the city.A. that B. which C. on which D. where答案：D关系副词where 在定语从句中作地点状语2. The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C.

46、 what D. in which答案：A关系代词which代the place , 在定语从句中作主语，所以不能选B，D如不用he place 就选C，主语从句归纳：在学习定语从句时不要一看到表示地点的字眼就选where或in which等。3. Please make a mark _you dont understand.A. where B. in which C. at which D. that答案：Awhere引导地点状语从句。4. They talked of things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. that B

47、. C. whom D. both A and B答案 D先行词为things and persons 为人和事，只能用that ,因为作宾语，故可省。5. All _has to be done every day is to listen and to repeat what he does.A. that B. which C. whom D. he答案 A 先行词all 为不定代词，只能用that ,不能用which.此外还有先行词为anything, everything, nothing, any ,little, one, few, much, none等，如：（1） There

48、 isnt much that I can do.（2） He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.6. This is the biggest library _ we have ever built in our university.A. which B. where C. that D. one答案 C 当先行词由形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时用that.7 This is the first place _Ive ever visited.A. where B. in which C. that D. wh

49、ich答案 C 当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时用that.8. Is this the very museum _ you visited the other day?A. which B. that C. what D. where答案 B 当先行词被the very, the only 等修饰时用that9. She is wearing the same dress _she wore yesterday.A. like B. as C. that D. which答案 C 当先行词被the same 修饰，且指“同一物品”时用that.10. He is not the man _

50、he was.A. what B. that C. as D. who答案 B 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时用that. 11. Which is the book _you bought yesterday? A. which B. that C. what D. the one 答案 B 当主语从句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who 时用that. 12. I have the same book _you bought yesterday. A. as B. that C. which D. what 答案 A the same 与as 搭配，请与第九题比较。 1