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1、三大从句2012届高三英语专题复习一、定语从句一、定语从句关系词关系词先行词所指先行词所指关系词在从句中作用关系词在从句中作用关系关系代词代词that人人/物物主、宾、表主、宾、表which物物主、宾、表、定(偶尔)主、宾、表、定(偶尔)who人人主、宾主、宾whom人人宾宾whose人人/物物定定as人人/物物主、宾、表主、宾、表关系关系副词副词when时间时间时间状语时间状语where地点地点地点状语地点状语why原因原因原因状语原因状语 关关 系系 词词 Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fl
2、uently. (2011湖南卷湖南卷25) A. who B. whom C. which D. that 【解析解析】选选C。前面谈到了。前面谈到了3种语言即种语言即German,French和和Russian,它们为先行词。,它们为先行词。all of which of which alland all of them,作非限定性定语从,作非限定性定语从句。句。考点考点1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的比较:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的比较: 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式形式其前无逗号其前无逗号其前有逗号其前有逗号翻译翻译译在先行词前译在先行
3、词前(即:从句即:从句译作先行词的定语译作先行词的定语)译成与主句并列的一个译成与主句并列的一个分句分句(即:译作两句即:译作两句)功能功能修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词可修饰名词或代词,也可修饰名词或代词,也可修饰整个主句可修饰整个主句关系词关系词可用可用that引导;作宾语的引导;作宾语的关系代词常可省关系代词常可省不可用不可用that引导;关系词引导;关系词一律不省一律不省意义意义起限制作用起限制作用(若被省去,若被省去,原句意义不完整原句意义不完整)起补充说明作用起补充说明作用(若被省若被省去,原句意义不受影响去,原句意义不受影响)Examples:(2010,福建)福建)1. Step
4、hen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose(2011,陕西),陕西)2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that 考点考点2.介词介词+关系代词连用时,介词
5、的选用关系代词连用时,介词的选用 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years. (2011江西卷江西卷34) A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which 【解析解析】选选C。博物馆的建设花了。博物馆的建设花了3年多时间。我们年多时间。我们可以说可以说whose construction,也可以说,也可以说the construction of whichof which the construc
6、tion,介词,介词of 表所属关表所属关系。系。 介 词 提 前 时 , 定 语 从 句 的 形 式 为 : 介 词介 词 提 前 时 , 定 语 从 句 的 形 式 为 : 介 词+which/whom, 不能用不能用that或或who。介词的选用一般根据。介词的选用一般根据后边动词与介词的搭配关系选择。后边动词与介词的搭配关系选择。Examples:(2010,上海)上海)Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to w
7、hich D. from whichreturn 考点考点3.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较引导非限制性定语从句的比较例例1:Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. (2011全国大纲卷全国大纲卷7)A. this B. that C. what D. which 【解析解析】选选D。which引导非限定性定语从句。代指引导非限定性定语从句。代指前句整个内容。前句整个内容。 例例2: _ is know to
8、 everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 【解析解析】选选B。A、D不能引导定语从句,不能引导定语从句,C不能引不能引导非限定性定语从句。导非限定性定语从句。As is known to everybodyAs everybody knows “正如大家所知道的正如大家所知道的”。变式练习变式练习1. _ is know to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
9、2. _ is know to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.AD as和和which的相同点:的相同点: (1)先行词都可指代整个主句;先行词都可指代整个主句;(2)都可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。都可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as和和which的不同点:的不同点: (1)as引导的从句可位于句首,而引导的从句可位于句首,而which则不行;则不行;(2)as有有“正如正如”之意,而之意,而which表示表示“这一点这一点”。考点考点4.关系代词与关系副词的选用关系代词与关系副词的选用
10、I will never forget the day _I came to my university and the day _I spent in a new city. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 【解析解析】 选选A。第一个时间名词。第一个时间名词the day 在从句中在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词作状语,因此要用关系副词when;第二个时间名词;第二个时间名词the day 在从句中作动词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或或that来
11、引导定语从句或省略关系代词。来引导定语从句或省略关系代词。 如果先行词是时间、地点或理由,而引导词如果先行词是时间、地点或理由,而引导词在从句中作时间、地点、原因等状语时,引导词用在从句中作时间、地点、原因等状语时,引导词用when, where, why;有时尽管先行词是时间、地点或理;有时尽管先行词是时间、地点或理由,但是引导词在从句中不作状语,而是作主语、宾语由,但是引导词在从句中不作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语,引导词则用或表语,引导词则用that或或which。 Men are more suited to occupational environments _ require de
12、cisive action while women are better at jobs _ a considered approach is most important. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷次模拟卷) A. which; that B. /; when C. which; when D. that; where 【解析解析】选选D。第一空用关系代词。第一空用关系代词that或或which 作主作主语,不可以省略。第二空用关系副词语,不可以省略。第二空用关系副词where,因为句子,因为句子意思完整,不缺主语或宾语。根据先行词意思完整,不缺主语或宾语。根
13、据先行词job 和定语从和定语从句意思,确定用关系副词句意思,确定用关系副词whereat which表地点,作表地点,作地点状语。地点状语。 要确定使用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决要确定使用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于于从句中的谓语动词从句中的谓语动词: :(1)(1)及物动词后面无宾语及物动词后面无宾语, ,用关系代词用关系代词. .常见的及物动词有常见的及物动词有visit, spend, expect, visit, spend, expect, explain, etc,explain, etc,;(2)(2)不及物动词后无介词时不及物动词后无介词时, ,用关系副词用关系副词. .
14、常见常见的不及物动词有的不及物动词有work, live, come, go,etc.work, live, come, go,etc.This is the factory _ I worked before.This is the factory _ I visited before.This is the factory _ I worked in.This is the factory in _I worked.where/in which(which/that)(which/that)whichvI will never forget the days _ we worked tog
15、ether.vI will never forget the days _ we spent together.vI will never forget the days during _we worked together.when/during which(that/which)whichvThis is the reason _ I was late.vThe reason _ he gave us was reasonable(合理的合理的).why/for which(that/which)考点考点5.定语从句与同位语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句与同位语从句与强调句型的区别 Was
16、it in the street _ our school is located in _ the car accident happened? A. where; that B. where; which C. that; which D. which; that 【解析解析】选选D。本题考查定语从句和强调句型。第。本题考查定语从句和强调句型。第一空考查定语从句,一空考查定语从句, that或或which作第二个作第二个in的宾语;的宾语;第二空考查强调句型。第二空考查强调句型。 1. 区别定语从句与同位语从句最简单的方法是:区别定语从句与同位语从句最简单的方法是:在先行词与从句之间加在先行
17、词与从句之间加be动词动词,若句子成立,则是,若句子成立,则是同位同位语从句语从句;若句子不成立,则可能为;若句子不成立,则可能为定语从句定语从句。The news that he has passed the exam pleased him and his family.由于由于“The news is that he has passed the exam.”句子句子成立,因此成立,因此“that he has passed the exam”是是The news的的同位语同位语。The news that he told me this morning is not interesti
18、ng.由于由于“The news is that he told me this morning”不成不成立,于是立,于是“that he told me this morning”不是不是The news的同位语,而是限定的同位语,而是限定The news的的定语从句定语从句。 2. 区别定语从句与强调句最简单的方法是:若区别定语从句与强调句最简单的方法是:若将将It is / was和和that / who去掉而句中不缺成分,结构去掉而句中不缺成分,结构完整,说明原句是完整,说明原句是强调句型强调句型;若结构不完整,则说明原;若结构不完整,则说明原句可能为句可能为定语从句定语从句。 whe
19、rethat1.This is the library_I borrowed the book.2.It is from this library_I borrowed the book. where定语从句定语从句that强调句型强调句型3. Where did you last see Mr. Smith? It was in the hotel_ I lived. A. that B. which C. where D. when=It was in the hotel where I lived that I saw Mr. Smith.that/which1. We all have
20、 heard the news_ our team won.2. We dont believe in the news _ he told us yesterday.that that/which/同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句二、状语从句二、状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 时间状语从句时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, as soon as, till, until, notuntil, the first/second/last time, the moment, the minute, the
21、 instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan where, wherever, anywhere , everywherebecause, since, as, now (that), seeing that, considering that if, unless, now (that), as(so) long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided/providing although,
22、though, even though/if, as, while, no matter which/what/when/where/who/how, whichever, wherever, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whetheror; 地点状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句让步状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 结果状语从句结果状语从句 so that, sothat, suchthat so that, in case, for fear that,
23、 lest how, as, as if/as though than, as as, not so/asas, the +比 较级, the +比较级 目的状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句比较状语从句 考点考点1.when, while, as引导时间状语的特殊点引导时间状语的特殊点You can pay now or _ you come back to pick up the bike.A. when B. thenC. while D. since 【解析】选A。come是短暂性动词,而while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的,所以排除C, when引导时间状语从
24、句,与now对称。 1. 表示带有规律性的表示带有规律性的“每当每当”或从句和主句或从句和主句的动作存在先后关系时,一般用的动作存在先后关系时,一般用when。 2. 表达表达“随着随着”或或“一边一边一边一边”的含义,的含义,一般用一般用as。 3. as作作“当当时候时候”解,从句的谓语一般不可是解,从句的谓语一般不可是状态动词。状态动词。 4. while从句的谓语动词不可是短暂性的。从句的谓语动词不可是短暂性的。Examples:(09福建)福建)She had just finished her homework_ her mother asked her to practice p
25、laying the piano yesterday. A. when B. while C. after D. since 考点考点2.时间、条件状语从句的时态一致性时间、条件状语从句的时态一致性 例例1:The big fire lasted as long as 24 hours _ it was brought under control. (山西太原五中山西太原五中2010 2011学年度第二学期月考学年度第二学期月考)A. after B. before C. ahead D. since 【解析解析】选选B。before 引导时间状语从句用于以下句引导时间状语从句用于以下句型:时
26、间段型:时间段before从句表示从句表示“隔了多少时间才隔了多少时间才”; it will be/ wont be long before从句,表示从句,表示“很久很久就就/不久就不久就”。该句表示:大火一直持续了长达。该句表示:大火一直持续了长达24小时才被控制住。小时才被控制住。 例例2:As is reported, it is 100 years _ Qinghua University was founded. (2011四川卷四川卷6)A. when B. before C. after D. since 【解析解析】选选D。该句考查句型。该句考查句型it is/has been
27、 时间时间段段since 从句。句意:清华大学已成立了从句。句意:清华大学已成立了100年了。年了。since从句后的动词一般为非延续性动词,表动作的开从句后的动词一般为非延续性动词,表动作的开始。始。 1. 句型句型“It will be+段时间段时间+before从句从句”,表示表示“不久不久就就”。从句用一般现在时代替一般。从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。将来时。 2. 句型句型“It is+段时间段时间+since+一般过去时。一般过去时。”主句主句常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。若从句谓语动常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。若从句谓语动词是延续性的,表示动作的终止;若从句谓语动
28、词是短词是延续性的,表示动作的终止;若从句谓语动词是短暂性的,则表示动作的开始。暂性的,则表示动作的开始。Examples:1.(08北京卷)北京卷)Im sorry youve been waiting so long, but itll still be some time _ Brian get back. A. before B. since C. till D. after 2. It was evening _we reached the little town of Winhester.A.that B. until C. since D when3. It is five ye
29、ars _we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. when 考点考点3. as引导状语从句的用法引导状语从句的用法例例1:Try _ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. (2011新课标卷新课标卷22) A. if B. when C. since D. as 【解析解析】选选D。as 引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句。Try as she might Though she might try,该句型主要有以下几种,该句型主要有以下几种形式:形式:零冠词名词零冠词名
30、词as 主语主语be形容词形容词(名词名词)as 主语主语be动词原形动词原形as主语情态动词主语情态动词 as引导原因状语从句说明原因语气较弱,着重引导原因状语从句说明原因语气较弱,着重点在主句,常译为点在主句,常译为“由于,因为由于,因为”。例例2:_ he was, he often ended up in financial troubles. A. Though well paid B. As well paidC. Well paid as D. Well paid 【解析解析】选选C。 此处此处as引导让步状语从句,引导让步状语从句, well paid可看作形容词放于句首。可看
31、作形容词放于句首。 as/though引导让步状语从句时,意为引导让步状语从句时,意为“虽虽然然”, 从句中的从句中的形容词、副词、名词形容词、副词、名词(其前一般不用冠其前一般不用冠词词)或动词原形放于句首构成倒装或动词原形放于句首构成倒装(though也可不倒装也可不倒装)。although 引导让步状语从句时不倒装;引导让步状语从句时不倒装;while 引导让步引导让步状语从句时只能状语从句时只能位于句首位于句首。 考点考点4.what引导方式状语从句的用法引导方式状语从句的用法Reading is to the mind _ food is to the body. A. what B
32、. that C. which D. of which 【解析解析】选选A。该句意为。该句意为“阅读之于心灵犹如食物阅读之于心灵犹如食物之于身体之于身体”。 what引导方式状语从句,一般只用于引导方式状语从句,一般只用于A is to B what C is to D这一句型中,意思是这一句型中,意思是“A对于对于B的重要的重要性,就如同性,就如同C对于对于D的重要性一样的重要性一样”。 考点考点5. such as与与such that的区别的区别People were shocked by such a bloody murder in Virginia _ no one experie
33、nced ever. A. as B. which C. where D. that 【解析解析】选选A。as引导的定语从句,引导的定语从句, as常与常与such, the same搭配使用。搭配使用。 suchas引导的是定语从句,引导的是定语从句, as须作主语、须作主语、宾语、表语等;宾语、表语等;suchthat引导的是结果状语从句,引导的是结果状语从句, that不作成分。不作成分。 考点考点6.表示表示“一一就就”的时间状语从句的时间状语从句 Did you keep it in mind to give Jennifer the money you owed her? Yes,
34、 I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 【解析解析】选选B。the moment在此作连词,意思是在此作连词,意思是“一一就就”。 1. as soon as常用一般现在时表将来。常用一般现在时表将来。 2. hardlywhen或或no soonerthan结构中,结构中,主句谓语用过去完成时,从句谓语用一般过去时。主句谓语用过去完成时,从句谓语用一般过去时。 3 . 表 示 时 间 概 念 的 副 词 充 当 连 词 , 如 :表 示 时 间 概 念 的 副 词 充 当 连 词 ,
35、如 : immediately, directly, instantly等。等。 4. “the+瞬间名词瞬间名词”, 如:如: the moment, the minute, the second等。等。 考点考点7. while引导让步状语从句表示引导让步状语从句表示“尽管,虽然尽管,虽然”的用法的用法 _ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post. (2011陕西卷陕西卷19)A. Since B. While C. If D. As 【解析解析】选选B。while表表“尽管,虽然尽管,
36、虽然”,引导让步,引导让步状语从句。其意义相当于状语从句。其意义相当于although或或though。句意:尽。句意:尽管他们所有人都是强有力的候选人对象,但仅有一个将管他们所有人都是强有力的候选人对象,但仅有一个将被获选担任这个职位。被获选担任这个职位。三、名词性从句三、名词性从句名词性从句中连接词的运用名词性从句中连接词的运用名词性从句中的连接词有连词名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / as if,连接代词,连接代词what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever,连接副词,
37、连接副词where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。 1. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. (2011湖南卷湖南卷31) A. what B. that C. which D. why 【解析解析】选选A。空白处后句子缺表语。因此不能选。空白处后句子缺表语。因此不能选B。B中的中的that 只起引导作用,无实意。而该句选只起引导作用,无实意。而该句选what既起了引导作用,又作了句子成分表语。既起了引导作用,又作了句子成分表语
38、。 2. It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011重庆卷重庆卷22)A. whether B. whenC. which D. where 【解析解析】选选A。该句中。该句中it作形式主语,真正的主语作形式主语,真正的主语是由是由whetheror not引导的从句。句意:是否这个旧引导的从句。句意:是否这个旧车站该由现代宾馆取代还在讨论中。车站该由现代宾馆取代还在讨论中。考点考点1.名词性从句的种类及连接词名词性从句的种类及连接
39、词I want to be liked and loved for_I am inside. A. who B. where C. what D. how 【解析解析】选选C。what 引导的宾语从句作引导的宾语从句作for 的宾语,的宾语, what在从句中作在从句中作am的表语。的表语。 考点考点2.连词连词that的用法的用法Keep in mind _ you want others to respect you, you must respect others first.A. that when B. that if C. if when D. when if 【解析解析】选选B。
40、that引导一个宾语从句,宾语从句引导一个宾语从句,宾语从句中又有一个由中又有一个由if引导的条件状语从句。引导的条件状语从句。 1. that引导名词性从句时既无词义也不在从引导名词性从句时既无词义也不在从句中作任何成分。句中作任何成分。 2. that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般不可省,引导宾语从句时常可省。但是,般不可省,引导宾语从句时常可省。但是, and连接两连接两个由个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,第二个可省,第二个that不可省。不可省。 3. that从句一般不作介词的宾语。但:从句一般
41、不作介词的宾语。但: in that “因因为为”, except / but that“除了除了”例外。例外。 考点考点3.whether, if的用法的用法 Its reported that Pakistan is considering _ to continue its information cooperation with the US because the US didnt inform them in advance before they took action to kill Bin Laden. (2011成都七中高三成都七中高三最后一套模拟卷最后一套模拟卷) A.
42、what B. how C. whether D. if 【解析解析】选选C。在。在 whether后只能用不定式或后接后只能用不定式或后接or not,不能接,不能接if,即,即whether to do 或或whether or not。 whether, if引导名词性从句时,表示引导名词性从句时,表示“是否是否”, 不在从句中作任何成分,二者常可通用,但在下面几种不在从句中作任何成分,二者常可通用,但在下面几种情况下一般只用情况下一般只用whether: (1)引导主语从句。引导主语从句。 (2)引导表语从句。引导表语从句。 (3)引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句。 (4)在动词在动词d
43、iscuss之后。之后。 (5)在介词之后。在介词之后。 (6)后面紧跟后面紧跟or not。 (7)动词不定式前。动词不定式前。考点考点4.名词性从句的语序名词性从句的语序 I really wonder _ will stop Japan from its annual whale hunt in the Antarctic. (山西太原五中山西太原五中2010 2011学年度第二学期月考学年度第二学期月考4月月) A. that it is what B. what it is that C. what is it that D. that is it what 【解析解析】选选B。空白
44、处为一宾语从句作动词。空白处为一宾语从句作动词wonder的宾语。而宾语从句是一个强调句,强调的宾语。而宾语从句是一个强调句,强调what。宾语。宾语从句要采用陈述语序。从句要采用陈述语序。 名词性从句用陈述语序,为:连词名词性从句用陈述语序,为:连词(+被修饰语被修饰语)+主语主语+谓语。即主谓不倒装。谓语。即主谓不倒装。 考点考点5. what与与that引导名词性从句的区别引导名词性从句的区别例例1:It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life. (201
45、1重庆卷重庆卷34)A. Whose B. whatC. which D. that 【解析解析】选选B。空白处作动词。空白处作动词 see 的宾语。宾语从句的宾语。宾语从句按顺序为按顺序为a new invention can be of what use to human life,疑问词,疑问词what前置。因此选前置。因此选B。 例例2:Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases. (2011天津卷天津卷13)A. what B. which C. that D. where 【
46、解析解析】选选C。that引导词作名词引导词作名词evidence的同位语的同位语从句引导词。该词只起引导作用,无实义,不可省略。从句引导词。该词只起引导作用,无实义,不可省略。 1. 在名词性从句中,在名词性从句中,that只起连接主句和从只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,本身也没有词义,句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,本身也没有词义,即从句中不缺少任何成分时用连词即从句中不缺少任何成分时用连词that. 2. that在从句中作主语时通常用在从句中作主语时通常用it作形式主语,而作形式主语,而将将that从句置于句末作真正的主语。但从句置于句末作真正的主语。但what不能
47、用不能用it作作形式主语。形式主语。 3. that可引导同位语从句,但可引导同位语从句,但what不能。不能。 考点考点6.由由reason作主语时,表语从句的连接词作主语时,表语从句的连接词The reason why he cant go to school is _ he is ill. A. because B. why C. that D. which 【解析解析】选选C。reason作主语时,其后的表语从句作主语时,其后的表语从句一般用连词一般用连词that。 reason作主语时,表语从句所用连词为作主语时,表语从句所用连词为that, 一般不用一般不用because或或why
48、等。等。 考点考点7. that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别例例1:_ was known to all that William had broken his promise _ he would never play computer games again. (2011湖南雅礼中学高三第湖南雅礼中学高三第8次次月考卷月考卷) A. As; which B. As; that C. It; that D. What; that 【解析解析】选选C。it作形式主语,第一个作形式主语,第一个that后引导从后引导从句作真正主语。名词句作真正主语。名词promis
49、e后接后接that引导的同位语从引导的同位语从句。对前一名词内容进一步补充说明。句。对前一名词内容进一步补充说明。例例2:Helping others is a habit, one _ you can learn even at an early age. (2011山东卷改编山东卷改编) A. it B. that C. what D. who 【解析解析】选选B。one是是a habit的同位语。作为定语从的同位语。作为定语从句的先行词,后用句的先行词,后用which或或 that作定语从句动词作定语从句动词learn的的宾语。关系代词作宾语也可省略。宾语。关系代词作宾语也可省略。 that引导同位语从句时,引导同位语从句时, that在从句中不作在从句中不作成分成分(一般不省一般不省), 且且不可用不可用which来取代;来取代;that引导定语引导定语从句时,从句时, that须作主语、宾语或表语须作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时常可省作宾语时常可省), 且常可用且常可用which来取代。来取代。
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