2022年初中英语语法知识 .pdf
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1、名师精编优秀资料冠词不定冠词1. 不定冠词与可数名词单数连用,泛指某类人或事物2. 微弱的 one的概念3. 不定冠词与序数词连用,不表示第几的概念,而表示“又一,再一”you can try a second time if you fail. 4. 固定短语Make a promise Make a note Make a mistake Have a cold Have a walk Have a look Pay a visit In a moment 定冠词1. 用于名词前表示特指2. 前面提过的名词再次提到3. 说话和听话的人都知道的事物或人4. 用于弹奏的西洋乐器名词之前5. 定
2、冠词与某些形容词连用使之名词化,代表一类人或者事物6. 宇宙中独一无二的名词7. 序数词及比较级,最高级所修饰的名词前8. 由普通名词构成的专有名词前9. 定冠词在姓氏复数名词之前,表示全家人或者夫妇俩不用冠词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料1. 物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词之前不用冠词2. 名词复数表示泛指3. 月份,星期,季节,节日等名词4. 三餐,球类运动名词,但是三餐表示一顿一次时要用不定冠词5. 学科,语言的名词6. 独一无二的职位,头衔,人名以及称呼的名词,但是表示职位的名词在句中做表
3、语时前面通常用不定冠词7. by+表示交通工具的结构中8. 短语At school on time At last go to bed Hand in hand take care of Lose weight keepin mind 冠词的位置1. 名词的最前面2. such/so that,用于 such后,形容词前, so修饰的形容词后3. tooto结构中, too 修饰的形容词后4. quite,rather与单数名词连用, 不定冠词放在后面, 如果其后的名词前有形容词修饰时,不定冠词放在前后均可5. what 和 how 构成的感叹句中,不定冠词置于what 后以及 how 修饰的
4、形容词后What a beautiful flower! How nice a girl! 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料名词可数与不可数1.以 s结尾不表示复数,应该看做单数名词news maths politics means physics 2.不可数名词用作不同意义的时候是可数名词(1)fish (2)glass (3)orange (4)room 可数名词复数1.一般情况2.+es 3.f 或 fe 结尾4.辅音+y 结尾5.元音+o 结尾可数名词不规则变化1.改变字母man woma
5、n foot goose mouse 2.单复数同行Means works deer sheep 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料3.集体名词作复数People police cattle staff 5. 复合名词son-in-law sons-in-law grown-up grown-ups 6. “数词 +名词+形容词”相当于一个形容词其中的名词只可用单数形式,不可用复数形式A two-metre-long ruler 名词的所有格1. 有生命的或者天气,时间,距离直接在单词后面加 s 没
6、有生命的用 of+名词2. 如果一样东西或一个人为两个或两个以上的人共有,如果不是共有3.表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰,通常用“of+名词s所有格”表示所有关系,通常所指的“双重所有格”This is a book of Li Ming s I met a few friends of my brother s 4. Here is a photo of Mary s I have a photo of Mary 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料代词人称代词和物主代词主
7、格宾格Ps:动词+介词,宾语放在介词之后动词+副词,宾语放在动词和副词之间形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词在句中一般用作宾语或者同位语,不可以单独做主语Enjoy yourself by oneself Dress oneself help oneself to For oneself 替代词 that/those,one/ones,it 1.that用来代替前面提到的单数可数名词或不可数名词,不和冠词连用,其后总有修饰语,表示特指,相当于“the+可数名词单数 /不可数名词”The book on the desk is better than under the desk. His
8、stories are more interesting than I told. 2.one指与前面出现的单数可数名词同一类但不是同一个,表示泛指,相当于“a/an+单数可数名词”I lost my watch and I want to buy next week 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料These shoes are too small. I want larger 3.it指与上文提到的相同的事物,不能带任何修饰语A bird landed on my window. It chi
9、rped and danced. 不定代词 the other , other , another , others 1. other在句中不能单独使用, 一般修饰可数名词复数, 意为“另外的” , 表示泛指,others是other的复数形式,表示 “other+可数名词复数”,不能做定语常构成some others 2. the other 代指单数可数名词时,表示两者中的另一个,常构成one the other结构;the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”特指一定范围的其他的人或物。3. another表示不定数目中的另一个,意为“再一,又一”,一般代替或修饰单数名
10、词。如果another 后 few 或基数词时,可接复数名词。常用one another the other I have no shoes. Give me some examples Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, but like to go to the cinema. There are two books on the desk. One is Lily s, is Lucy s. I went to swimming while played tennis. We need ten days to finish it. Th
11、e old man has three sons. One is in the US, is in France, and seems to be in Germany. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料Each 和 every 的区别1.each强调个体,重在以个体的角度说明事物,可用于两者之间,也可用于三者或三者以上的场合。在句中可以做主语,宾语,定语,同位语,可以与of 短语连用,做主语时,谓语用做单数。2.every强调整体,重在从整体的角度说明事物,用于三者或三者以上的场合,在句中只能作
12、定语of answer is right He fill of the stockings with Christmas presents. There is a line of trees on side of the river. We have our own car. student in the class like English. man should do his duty. All, both , none , either , neither 的区别1.all表示对三者或三者以上事物的全部肯定,既可代替或修饰可数名词又可代替或修饰不可数名词,在句中可做主语,表语,宾语,定语
13、或同位语2.both表示对两者的肯定,可作主语,宾语,定语或同位语3.none意为没有人 /事物,既可代指人也可代指物,既可指代可数名词,也可指代不可数名词, 其后可以加 of 短语。No one 一般指人,其后不能加of 短语。No one常用来回答 who 的提问,none用来回答 how many,how much 的提问精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料4.either 表示两者中的任何一个,强调个体,可做主语,宾语或定语5.neither意义与 both 正好相反, 两者都不,用法类似 e
14、ither,但是 neither 还可以用作副词,用于否定句,意为也不。All here can speak two languages. Both of them like popular songs. We both are from No.1 middle School. -Who told you the news? -No one, I read it in the newspaper. -How much money have you got on you? -None. Take one of the books on the table either of them will
15、do. Neither of my parents allows me to take up medicine. I have never been to Paris Neither have we. each every either any the other another both all neither none 复合不定代词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料1.复合不定代词只起代词的作用,做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。他们在句中可作主语,宾语,表语,但不能做定语。形容词修饰不定代词时,必
16、须置于其后2.somebody和someone意思相同,只用于肯定句,在否定句或者疑问句中用anybody , anyone 。 Anybody和anyone也可用于肯定句表示“任何人“3.everybody和 everyone 意思相同,表示“大家,人人”与not连用表示部分否定4.something表示某事某物, 一般用于肯定句, 在疑问句或否定句中用anything 5.everything表示一切,nothing表示没有什么。Nothing is impossible There is wrong with here. I need to help me I didn t know a
17、t the party can t be good at painting. Is there I can do for you? There is in the room Money is not It 的用法1.it 代指时间,距离,天气,环境状况或事物的状态It s ten past twelve now. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料It s raining all morning 2.it代指上文提到的事物,想法以及性别不明或不明确的人Someone is knocking at t
18、he door. Who will it be? 3.it用作形式主语,用于“ it+adj.+to do ”It is not easy to finish the work in two days. 4.it用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式或从句,常用在动词make ,find之后He made it a rule to talk to her in English everyday. 5.it用在句型“ It seems that ”It seems that the little boy dosen t like the toy 6.it用在句型“ It s one s turn to
19、 do ”7.it用于句型“ It s time to do/for/that”8.it用于句型“ It+adj.+that ”It s true that he may fall behind the other students. 疑问代词的用法Who Whose What Which 介词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料In ,on ,at 时间1. in 可用在表示某年、月、季节、上/下午或晚上时间名词之前2. on 用在表示星期,节日或具体某一天的上午/下午或晚上3. at 用在表示钟
20、点,黎明,正午,黄昏的时间名词前in spring in the morning in 1998 on Friday on Sunday night at seven thirty at noon at night 空间1. in 表示某一地域之内的某方位2. on 表示与某地相邻的关系 (to 也有这层意思 ) 3. at 表示具体在某一地点in the east of Jiang su on the east of Jiang su The worst disaster happened 14:28 May 12 in Sichuan In, by after, since, for 1.
21、 “in+时间段”表示将来,即“在时间之后” ,句中谓语动词一般用将来时,且是非延续性动词We will meet again in two weeks 2. “by+时间点”表示“截止到” ,句中常用完成时态This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料year. 3. “after+时间点”表示“某刻之后” ,可用于过去时或将来时“after+时间段”表示“过了一
22、段时间之后”4. “since+表示过去时间的短语” 表示的时间段一般延续到说话的时间,因而往往与现在完成时连用I have lived here since I worked in this company. 5. “for+时间段”修饰的句子常用完成时态或完成进行时态,表示过去某点到说话时完成的或一直持续的动作或行为I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. Except, besides, except for, but 1. except表示“除之外没有” 其宾语是被除去的一部分, 多指对同类事物的排除,后面接名词,代词或从句Ex
23、cept my salary I have nothing to live on. He usually go to school on foot except when it rains. 2. besides表示“除之外(还有)”其宾语是包含在整体中的部分Many students have been to the Great Wall besides me. 3. except for 强调从整体中排除一部分,对主语内容起到修正作用,多指不同类事物的排除。The street in the early morning is very quiet except for a few cars
24、. 4. but 指 “除之外”相当于 except, 经常同 all, everyone, anyone 等代词,同 nobody, none , nowhere 等否定词或 who, what 等疑问代词以及最高级形容词搭配,后接名词,代词或不定式。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 36 页名师精编优秀资料Nobody but John knows the city well. 注意: but 接动词不定式,当前面有 do 或 cannot 时, 不定式不带 to ;当前面有anything, everything,
25、 nothing 等词时,不定式不带to ;其余情况带to 。例如: She can do anything but cook. 她除了做饭以外,什么都会做。I have nothing to do but wait. The old woman cannot but cry. 这位老太太不禁大哭起来。We had no choice but to accept the fact. across, through, over, above 1. across意为穿过,表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行across the street 2. through意为穿过,表示动作是在某一空间内进行The
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