2022年英语基础知识讲义 .pdf

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1、读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思英语基础知识讲义一、 句子成分组成句子的各个成分叫做句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系， 可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。简单句的成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject） 、谓语（ predicate ） 、表语（ predicative） 、宾语（ object） 、定语（ attribute） 、状语 (adverbial) 和补语（ complement） 。主谓宾定状补主干枝叶分清楚“的”定“地”状“得”后补1.主语主语是说话人所

2、说信息的起点和关注点，是一个动作或状态的执行者。 常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语） 、代词、数词、不定式（短语） 、动名词（短语）Tom is a born leader. Losing his cell phone made Tom sad. _ What we can t get seems better than what we have. 指出下列句中主语的中心词The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful di

3、ctionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2.谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定性动词， 有人称、数和时态的变化。Mary likes playing basketball. She has tried this way three times. 3.宾语宾语指动作的对象或承受者。有动宾短语和介宾短语。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。能作主语的词类也能作宾语。精选学习资料 - - -

4、 - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思I can hardly hear the radio. _ Do you understand what I mean? 挑出下列句中的宾语My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last cla

5、ss?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christm

6、as really is.1）双宾语： 直物人间The teacher asked me a question. My mother bought me an interesting book. _Please tell me how the accident came about. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.D

7、id he leave any message for me?2）复合宾语：宾语 +宾语补足语We all find him a nice boy. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思I heard a song being sung by a girl. 3）同源宾语：由名词能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语live a happy life sing a sweet song 4. 表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、 类属、状态、身份等。充当表语的可以是

8、名词 （短语） 、形容词、数词、不定式（短语） 、动名词（短语）Ann is an English girl. Tom is handsome. I m twenty. My wish is to become an artist. My hobby is listening to pop music. _That is where the battle took place. 挑出下列句中的表语The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon Th

9、ey all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.5. 定语定语时用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，常与名词构成名词短语。 定语可分前置定语和后置定语1）前置定语可充当前置定语的词类有形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、v-ing 和 v-ed. This is a stone table. Put the child in the sleeping bag. I saw a sleeping boy in the classroom. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总

10、结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 2) 后置定语可充当后置定语的词类有形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、v-ing 短语和 v-ed短语. All people at the party were his supporters. I don t like someone talkative. The way to express oneself is more important than the message itself. The building be

11、ing built is our school library. The trees planted by me has grown tall. 挑出下列句中的定语They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound

12、 of the other shoe!6. 状语状语是用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子的一种句子成分。可表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、结果、条件、目的以及让步。充当状语的词类有副词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing（短语）和 v-ed(短语)、形容词、名词 . I put my watch in the desk drawer. Tom is taller than me. The teacher asked us to do the homework in the way she told us. Due to the bad weather, we couldn t get ou

13、t. Sally left her hometown young and returned old. Today I m on duty. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思To get a good view, he climbed to the top of the mountain. Arriving there, call me up. Warned of the danger ahead, the boys went on their adventures. 挑出下列句

14、中的状语There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve

15、 lost it, you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.7. 补足语补足语是用来说明主语或宾语的性质、状态的一种句子成分。 充当补足语的词类有副词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing（短语）和 v-ed(短语)、形容词、名词 . We made Tom monitor. The mother doesn t allow her daughter to go out alone at night. Tom was seen breaking the classroom window.

16、 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?8. 同位语同位语对句中

17、某一名词进行解释说明，常置于被说明的词之后。 充当同位语的词类多为名词、代词、数词等。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思We have two foreigners, an American and a Canadian. The news that we re having a holiday is not true. 二、 句子结构英语句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句1）简单句：只有一套主谓结构的独立的句子。简单句的五种句型：一： （主谓）We all breathe,

18、 eat, and drink. The sun was shining. They talked for half an hour. 二： L. （主系表）This is an English-Chinese dictionary. The dinner smells good. His face turned red. 三： （主谓宾）Who knows the answer? He has refused to help them. He enjoys reading. He admits that he was mistaken. 四： （主谓间宾直宾）I gave my car a

19、wash. I showed him my pictures. It took me two hours to go through the passage. I told him that the bus was late. 五： （主谓宾宾补）I saw them getting on the bus. He asked me to come back soon. I find it interesting to learn English. 2）并列句：由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或“；”连接而成的句子。表并列的连接词： and, but, or, neithernor ,not onlybutalso , yet, then, however, therefore, nevertheless, whereas 等Mary likes walking and Tony loves swimming.We fished all day; we didnt catch anything.3）复合句：又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。根据从句充当的成分，可将从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页