ZY英语词汇学chapter7.ppt

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1、ZY英语词汇学英语词汇学chapter7Teaching ObjectivesLet students understand and master types of changes in word meaning Get to know the causes of changes Teaching Focus Types of changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, transference of meaning, euphemism. Causes of changesExtra-linguistic factors: h

2、istorical reason, class reason, psychological reasonLinguistic factors: shortening, redivision from borrowing, analogyExtension of MeaningNarrowing of MeaningElevation of MeaningDegradation of MeaningTransference of MeaningEuphemismExtension of Meaning vGeneralization of MeaningvIt is a process by w

3、hich a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.Manuscriptv(original) Handwriting( writing by hand only)v(present) Any authors writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-pr

4、ocessorSalaryv(original) a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt v(present) fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to employees 1) A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development. A. She

5、 is such a pretty little thing.B. I have to pack my things for the journey.C. There is another thing I want to ask you about.D. That only makes things worse.E. The thing is, can we finish the job in time?2) Generalization of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which are confined to specia

6、lized use.allergic(original) too sensitive to medicine (present) averse or disinclined to alibi(original) a legal term signifying “the p l e a t h a t t h e accused is not at the place when the crime is committed” (present) excuse3) Words commonized from proper names have experienced the same proces

7、s.sandwichSandwiched between this door and a window is a giant refrigerator.vIt is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special concept in p

8、resent-day English.1) When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly.“the City” means “the business center of London”“the Prophet” stands for “Mohammed”2) one element of some phrases is left to retain the meaning of the whole. a general = a general officeran edi

9、torial = an editorial article3.Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense.silver silver dollarglass a cup-like container or a mirroriron device for smoothing clothesElevation of Meaning It is the process by which words rise from humble beginning

10、s to positions of importance.Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.niceignorant - foolish - delightful, pleasantmarshala keeper of horses - a high ranking army officerconstablea keeper of horse

11、s - a policemanvIt is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense.vsillyv- blessed and happyv- innocentv-simple or simple-mindedv-foolishvsadv- full, satisfied, contentedv- calmv- seriousv- sorrowfulvSome words whic

12、h were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer, known as transference or transfer of meaning.Types of transferenceAssociated TransferTransfer Between Abstract and Concrete MeaningsTransfer Between Subjective and Objective

13、 Meanings SynesthesiaAssociated TransfervThis is what is commonly known as figurative extension of meaning.ve.g.vThe lip of a wound vThe tongues of firevThe foot of a mountainTransfer between Abstract and Concrete Meanings vAbstract to concrete meaningvRoom formerly meant “space” as in “There is no

14、room in the car”. Now it has developed a concrete meaning as in “This flat has three rooms”.vMore example: aftermath, vConcrete to abstract meaningvGraspv(original)A firm hold with the hands and arms v(present)The power or ability to understandTransfer Between Subjective and Objective MeaningsvSome

15、words were formerly used subjectively but later shifted to an objective use, and the subjective meaning was totally lost. SynesthesiavThis kind of transfer takes place between words of sensation. That is, words usually associated with one sense are used to describe another sense. E.g vClear-sounding

16、 (from sight to hearing)vWarm colors (from touch to sight)vSweet voice/music (from taste to hearing)EuphemismvWhen people use euphemisms there is a semantic change involved as the expressions used often have little to do with the referents.vRestroom, bathroom, lounge, John, convenience, comforts roo

17、m and powder room are all euphemistic terms for “toilet” which itself is a euphemistic term.vEuphemistic terms are found used in every aspect of society.7.3 Causes of Changev Extra-linguistic factorsHistorical reasonClass reasonPsychological reasonv Linguistic factorsAssignmentvMaster all the main points of this chapter.vDo the exercises on Page 166-168