2022年语法系列复习专题八 .pdf

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1、学习必备欢迎下载语法系列复习专题八非谓语动词 讲与练非谓语动词非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、 动词不定式1常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done 完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done 进行式 to be doing 不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。例如：They often watch us play table tennis. （与谓语动作同时）She hopes to go there again.（在谓

2、语动作之后）It is necessary and important to read English every day. （无时间限制）The factory to make radios is over there. （无时间限制）m sorry to have kept you waiting. 2） 完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： I /She seems to have been a teacher for many years. 3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如：She happened to be writing a letter i

3、n the room when I come in. 注:不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，例如： What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long. 不定式的否定式not to do 2语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分） 。例如：1）主语： To master a foreign language is very important. 2）表语： My job is to drive them to the company

4、 every day. 3）宾语： Do you want to visit the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 4） 宾补： The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didn t notice them come in.注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let 等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中 let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb.

5、 is let do sth. help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即 help sb.(to)do sth. 5） 不定式作定语：作后置定语,位于被修饰词后如： Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 不定式作定语 ,与被其修饰的词可构成逻辑上的以下关系: a.动宾关系e.g. I have a lot of work to do. b.主谓关系e.g. He is always the first

6、 to help me. c.其它关系 (多为固定搭配 ) e.g. tell me a way to solve the problem. 6）状语：in order to A目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to 注： in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。B原因状语：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载主要是 “be 形容词不定式” 结构,但这种结构的不定式有

7、时也可视为宾语如： He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here. C结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。“too to ”结构中表 “ 太 结果不能 ”如： He is too weak to do the work. 注： too 之前如果有only, only too 表“ 非常 ” 、“ 很” 意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如： They are only too lucky to go abroad for

8、 a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。另外， too 后如果是happy, glad 之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，eg. She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street. 在 “ 形容词 /副词 enough不定式 ” 结构中表 “ 足以能 ”Eg. He is strong enough to do the work . only to do 表示出乎意料的结果Eg. We hurried to the airport, only to find that he had gone. 3复合结构不定式（for/of sb.

9、to do sth. ）可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for sb.表示的是不定式的逻辑主语,of sb 表示前面的形容词是 sb 的性质或特征I think it necessary for him to go there at once. （复合结构不定式作宾语）It is kind of you to help me . （相当于You are kind to help me . ）4疑问词不定式可作主语、表语或宾语Eg. How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We don t know when a nd where to

10、go .（宾语）注意 : 不定式常常表示动作的将来性(没发生 ) e.g. To go to Beijing has been always my dream.( 作主语 ) The question to be solved is about how to organize the activity.( 定语 ) To achieve his goal, he spared no effort.(状语 ) 二、 分词1分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式(done)，现在分词则有：一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,

11、完成被动式having been done a.现在分词的一般式doing/being done 表示分词表示的动词与谓语同时发生或分词动作发生后,谓语动作紧随发生b.现在分词的完成式having done/having been done 表示分词表示的动作明显先于主句谓语动词的动作c.过去分词 done 表示动作的被动和完成2语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念Eg. the moving film 动人的电影the moved girl 受感动的姑娘a running machine 一台

12、转动的机器a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载注：关于心理状态动词的ing 形式表主动意，ed 形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如： a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country 发达的国家4现在分词的基本用法：1） 一般式用法：A作定语： The sleeping child is only five years old.( The

13、child who is sleeping is)The factory making TV sets is very large.( The factory which makes TV sets is very large.) The watch being repaired in not mine(being repaired =which is being repaired) Being repaired, the car can be used(As/Because it is being repaired, the car can t be repaired, B作表语： The

14、story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting. C作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep 等动词之后。例如： We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming t keep the students doing homework allout of the house. /Don day. 注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作

15、。例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing 不可改为 sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为 singing) have sb. do sth. 与 have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者havelet, 后者 have 有时表 “ keep ”意，有时表 “employ （雇用） ” 意。如：I ll have him go with me. 我将让他和我一块去。I ll have him working in my com

16、pany. 我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。t have the machine working all dayDon .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语：时间状语： Reading the letter, I couldnt think of my school life.原因状语： Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 2）现在分词完成式用法：只能作状语分词表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定

17、语用。主动式 :Having finished her homework, she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again. 被动式 :Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress . 5过去分词的基本用法：1）作定语： The stolen car was found by the police last week. 2）作表语： The glass is broken. /When I g

18、ot to the classroom, the door was locked. 3）作宾补： You must have your hair cut. 4）作状语： Given more time ,we could have done the work much better. 6 分词使用的几个注意点：I.作状语用的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如： Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.（正）Standing on top of the tall building,the

19、 whole city could be seen.（误）Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. （正）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载Having found the cause, the experiment continued. （误）Seen from the window, our hometown looks very beautiful. Given more time ,we could have done th

20、e work much better. II.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式(being done)不可作宾补或定语。例如：He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down 或having been knocked down) Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改为 being bought 或 having been bought) III. 现在分词被动式(being done)与过去分词 (do

21、ne)都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：(1) 作定语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：Do you see the hospital being built / built there? 你看见了那边那个正在被修建/建好了的医院吗？(2)作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。Being led( Led )by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories. (3) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。The soldiers

22、lay on the ground, covered with nothing. (4) 作时间状语，若有具体的时间状语表示状语的动作先于句子的谓语动作，则应该用过去分词作状语 ,不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如： Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful. 如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式,不太强调状语与谓语动词的先后时 ,意义基本相同.例如：Discussed(Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at last. 如果要强调分词状语的

23、动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：Not having been invited, she had to stay at home. IV.在 have, get 作” 使” 解释 ,其宾语 sth 之后接的是宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式Have sth. done ()把某事做了Have sth being done () Have sth. be done () 但是have sb do ()使某人做某事例如： I want to have my hair cut.(cut 不能改为being cut 或 be cut) He got

24、his watch repaired.(repaired 不能改为being repaired 或 to be repaired) 另:have 作” 有” 解释时 ,sth 后面的部分是后置定语,用法如下 : have sth to do 有某事要做have sth to be done.有某事要其他人做Have sth undone 有某事要做 /没完成所以以后大家看到have sb.sth 的句型 ,首先第一步要分清have 表示的是 ” 有” 还是 ” 使”V.在 make, order, want, like, wish 等动词后， 多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如

25、The speaker couldn t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard) He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted) VI. 心理状态动词的-ing 形式与 -ed 形式英语中 ,具有 ” 使动 ” 用法的词的现在分词(-ing) 和过去分词(-ed)都被当作形容词来用.如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载surprise 使惊讶； interest 使感兴趣它们的 -ing 形式含主动意义，-ed 形式

26、含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如： surprising 令人惊讶的，interesting 令人感兴趣的；surprised（因 ）感到惊讶的，interested（因 ）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it. She was much surprised at the surprising news. 此类心理状态动词有：astonish, bore(使厌烦 ),delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite,

27、frighten, interest, move( 使感动 )，please （使高兴） ,puzzle（使迷惑） ,satisfy（使满意） ,surprise, shock, tire（使疲劳） ,trouble, upset（使不安） ,worry 7分词 (现在分词 /过去分词 )和不定式构成的独立主格结构：独立主格结构的定义: 是一种在状语和主句主语不一致的情况下,保留逻辑主语的状语结构,因为独立主构结构中没有谓语动词,所以它虽然有主语,但不是句子 ,在句中是做状语的. 详述起来有下面几种类型,本语法专题中大家重点把握的是非谓语动词(分词 )构成的独立主构结构 . 一） ： 独立主格

28、结构的构成：名词 (代词 )+现在分词 /过去分词；名词 (代词 )+不定式；名词 (代词 )+形容词；名词 (代词 )+副词；名词 (代词 ) +介词短语构成。二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例： The test finished, we began our holiday.( 过去分词 ) = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假The presi

29、dent assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. (过去分词 ) = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.(现在分词 ) 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.(过去分词 )工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone

30、over, everyone tired to go home earlier. ( 过去分词 ) 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.( 形容词短语 ) 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.( 介词短语 ) 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。三) With 的复合结构作独立主格表伴随结构 : with + 名词 (代词 )+现在分词 /过去分词 /形容词 /副词 /不定式 /介词短语精选学习资料 - - - -

31、 - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载举例 : He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. With society advancing, people standard of living is becoming better and better.三、动名词1 形式同现在分词，有四种(两种时态 ,两种语态 ) 2. 动名词和现在分词的辨析: 动名词是名词的词性(作名词性成分),而现在分词是形容词或副词的词性 (修饰 ) Eg.

32、My job is teaching you. Teaching is my job. The book is interesting. Give me some advice on learning English. Feeling tired, I went to bed. 3 动名词的基本用法：1）作主语： Seeing is believing. / It s not necessary explaining to him. Talking is easier than doing. 2） 作表语： My hobby （爱好） is collecting stamps. His job

33、 is washing and cooking. 3） 作宾语： When he came in, we all stopped talking . He has given up smoking. We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Are you fond of dancing? The boy isn t worth teaching.注有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。4） 作定语 ,动名词表示的是东西的用途,可以换成n.+ for + doing 结构A w

34、alking stick 拐杖 = a stick for walking Sleeping room= a room for sleeping 而现在分词作定语表示的是东西的特性,可以换成n +be + doing 结构A interesting book = a book is interesting 3 动名词的复合结构：或者叫动名词的所有格有两种形式 : sb/sb s doing (sb 是宾格 ,sb s是所有格 ) 语法功能：1） 作主语： Your smoking too much will do harm to your health的形式，此句中的Your 不可改为 You

35、。 ） （动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sb 2） 作宾语： I don like his/him staying with us. 3） 作表语： My joy is his winning the table tennis game.（his 不能改为him）4 动名词的完成式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time. 在 remember,

36、 forget, regret, excuse, apologize 等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：I remember borrowing ( 或者 having borrowed)him some money before. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载He forgot telling( 或 having told) me that. 5, 动名词的被动式如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。例如

37、： The problem is far from being settled. 动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：I still remember being invited （代替 having been invited ）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai. 6 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. Talking is easy and doing is difficult. To talk

38、is easy and to do is difficult. (2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：It took him two hours to finish the work. To be a scientist is his desire（愿望） . 2)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：Getting up early is a good habit. 3) 有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：begin, start, continue, love, prefer 等。4) 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主

39、要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide. 5) 有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, can practise, put off （延迟）delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote to(doing),be worth.6)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有： forget, remember,

40、regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on A.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事forget having done sth.forget to have done sth. B.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事remember doing sth.记住做过某事 C.regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事 D.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语） sto

41、p doing sth. 停止做某事 E.mean to do sth. 决意打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味表明做某事 F.try to do sth. 努力设法去做某事 try doing sth. 试图尝试用某一方法做某事 G.want/need/require to do sth. 要想做某事 want/need/require dong. 需要想要被 H.go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事go on doing sth. 继续做相同的事讲解部分完非谓语动词考点分析1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C, didn t includ

42、e women players until 1919.(NMET) A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因 B 选项表 “ 将要被举行 ” 意，不精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载合题干之用，只有C 选项（相当于which was first played ）才合用。2European football is played in 80 co

43、untries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.(NMET) A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析： B、C 是谓语动词，在此不可用。D 项 to make 或表目的，或表“ 将要使得 ” ，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making, 可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this

44、 evening.(NMET) A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D 应排除。 Take 后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.(NMET) A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。5The patient was warned _ oily food afte

45、r the operation.(NMET) A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D 两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定 C。6 I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?(NMET) A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 析：此题可根据why not 后直接跟原形动词

46、规律而一举确定正确答案为D。 若将 B 项改为 try to go，则要根据其与try going 意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。7_ a reply,he decided to write again.(NMET) A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 析：非谓语动词的否定式not 应置于首位， B、D 皆为错误形式。A 项不能表达先于decided 的动作，只有选C 项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C 为正确答案。

47、8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(NMET) A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented 析： consider 表“ 考虑 ”意时，其后动词用doing 形式，此处不表“ 考虑 ” ，而表 “ 认为 ” ，这时 consider 后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be 等形式。据此可排除B、D 两个选项。又因A 表“ 要发明 ” 意，不合题用，只有C 表“ 发明了 ” 意，才合题用，故选

48、C。9Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 析： “ 被邀请参加晚会” ，应选表被动意的选项，B 不可用。 D 项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C 也应排除，只有A.invited( who were invited) 才是正确答案。10 The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.(NME

49、T) A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied 析： B 表主动意，应排除。C 表“ 将要被捆绑 ” ，A 表“ 正在被捆绑 ” 都不合题意，只有D 项填入空白才能表达“ 双手被反绑着 ” 这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 12 页学习必备欢迎下载He came in,(with)his head held high. 他昂首走了进来。非谓语动词专练1._ more attention,the trees could have g

50、rown better. A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written 3.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.pl