2016年度6月大学英语六级第2套真命题及其规范标准答案解析.doc

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1、|2016 年 6 月大学英语六级考试真题（第二套）特别说明：2016 年 6 月大学英语六级试卷的三套试题有重叠部分，本试卷（第二套）只列出与第一、第三套不重复的试题。具体重叠部分：本卷所有听力题与第一套试卷有重复，本试卷不再列出。Part I Writing (30 minutes)For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online inste

2、ad of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Directions:Part III Reading comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices gi

3、ven in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in

4、the bank more than once.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fearman-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26 : Who will be responsible when they do something wro

5、ng? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot. Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in- ho

6、me care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation. But there are 30 to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31 some

7、ones privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbors cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33 and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation? Big, complicated systems on which much public safety

8、depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturers driving record, not the pass

9、engers. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 A) arises B) ascends C) bound D) combination E) definite F) eventually G) interfere H) invade I) manifesting J) penalties K) preserving L) programmed M) proximately N) victims O) widespread Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten s

10、tatements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on An

11、swer Sheet 2.Reform and Medical CostsA Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fixreshapin

12、g how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal systemis likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (渐进的) gains.B The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many

13、reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, “Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy Iiterature these days is contained in these measures.”C Medical spending, which typically rises

14、faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.D Here are some o

15、f the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.E Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals, nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productiv

16、ity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift add

17、itional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook (放过). That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong “pay-go” rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by n

18、ew taxes or budget cuts.F The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax (消费税) on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more mon

19、ey for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages, The House bill has no similar tax. The final legi

20、slation should.G Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, its trade group

21、 offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.H The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electron

22、ic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.I Virtually all experts agree that the fee-fo

23、r-service systemdoctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectivenessis a primary reason that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patients needs over a year. N

24、o one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patients needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seri

25、ously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.J Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped

26、. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicares payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbie

27、s to bend lawmakers to their will.K The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy

28、to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.L Th

29、e final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many re

30、formers wanted.M The presidents stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate ( 前列腺 ) cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors

31、? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.N Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the b

32、ills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.O Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we

33、 suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.P The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretar

34、y would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.Q Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there

35、is some evidence that doctors engage in “defensive medicine” by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expense

36、s into wages.37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.40. Republi

37、cans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driv

38、en up medical expenses.43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.44. Contrary to analysts doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.45. Fair competition might create a strong

39、incentive for insurers to charge less.Section CDirections: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding let

40、ter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水 道污水) to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of crop

41、land, according to a new reportand it may not be a bad thing. While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food. “There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture

42、to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,” said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study. The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed c

43、ities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道). When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing becteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die

44、a year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻 相关的 ) diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using

45、untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks. Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty. Agriculture is a water-intensive business, a

46、ccounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption. In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers. Irrigation is the primar

47、y agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer. In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-born

48、e diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative. In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients. “

49、Overly strict standards often fail,” James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. “We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?A) Its risks cannot be overestimated. B) It should be forbidden altogether.C) Its benefits ou