2022年高中英语书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性 .pdf

《2022年高中英语书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性 .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年高中英语书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性 .pdf（9页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、名师整理优秀资源高中英语书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性近年来高考英语作文评分标准有了重大调整，新评分标准中强调了“语言的连贯性”，“复杂性” (教育部考试中心，2006)。第五档 (很好 )“语法结构或词汇方面有些错误，但为尽量使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”，这一档次界定标准首次明确地鼓励考生“尽力使用较复杂结构和较高级词汇”，充分发挥自己所学，写出丰富多彩的句子来，从而有效地展示自己的书面表达能力。显然， 考生要得高分， 除了文章要点全、语法正、 表达准、 结构整、逻辑顺、卷面洁外，考生还得注意句型、词语、行文(过渡承启 )的运用技巧，以丰富、增强语言的表达能力、文章的逻辑性及亮点，才能提

2、高文章档次，取得高分。篇章结构的连贯性在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。它要求段落中句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排，做到条理清楚，层次分明。这样的篇章结构会让评卷老师在很短的时间内能准确获取文章信息；而如果是叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章就会因“缺乏可读性”而被判为较低分的档次。本文主要围绕语言篇章的连贯性进行阐述。一、整体谋篇，合理布局(一)审读情景材料就是对试题所提供的情景(包括目的、 对象、 时间、地点、内容等)及提供情景的形式(一般为图画、图表、提纲等)必须全面了解。(二)提取文段中心在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，这也就是本篇书面表达的中心，关系到全

3、文成败的关键。因为“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文段的中心不会超出中学生的学习、生活中的所见所闻。(三)取舍各种信息确定了主题之后，就要依据所需文体(多为应用文、记叙文或说明文)，围绕主题筛选已经获取的信息，以突出重点。(四)列举表述要点这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖了所有内容要点”。最好在动笔写作之前在草稿纸上列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。(五)确定主题句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源段落通常由一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、 论证该主题的发展句

4、构成。段落的主题句非常重要,对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。把每一段落的主题句串联起来 ,就是全篇章的主题思想。一般情况下 ,主题句的位置都在段落的开头,用来表达段落的中心思想 ,简明告诉读者段落内容。为便于展开下文,主题句一般要具备下面的特点: 1. 主题句的内容要明确具体,具有特定性和单一性,切忌笼统。比较：a. Learning English is important. a Learning English is important for us middle school students. b Tom is a good student. b Tom is a hard-worki

5、ng student. 2. 主题句的语言要简洁,开门见山。如“ How I Spent My Vacation ”(我怎样度假 )的开头是：I spent my last vacation happily. 下面是题为“Honesty”(谈诚实 )一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “ liar”, and is looked down upon

6、 by honest people. 二、拓展主题句，注意连贯主题句仅仅提出作者的基本观点,要使读者明白并同意作者的基本观点,就要展开主题句,就要考虑如何组织安排语句。句子与句子、 段落与段落之间必须具有连贯性，要做到这一点，就要适当排序， 即用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段和语段， 有时甚至是段落与段落连接起来， 使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系，并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。英语的衔接手段主要有过渡词衔接、词汇纽带和语法照应等几个方面。(一) 巧用过渡词语，理顺句子逻辑关系为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体， 增强文章的说服力和感染力，保证段落或文章的连贯， 考生应该在句子与句子之间

7、，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语。过渡连接词按语义划分，最常见的有以下几种类型： 1. 表示添加信息常用的连接词有and, also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more, as well as, either.or., neither.nor., not only.but also., worse still等。例如： (NMET2006 湖南 )In his opinion, we should not only know “what”, but also understand “ wh

8、y”.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源(NMET2006 陕西 )Some are in favor of staying at home. They think its both convenient and comfortable. Whats more, they can save money for other purposes. 2. 表示转折关系常用的连接词有but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, though, o

9、n the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, whereas, in contrast 等。例如： (NMET2006 湖南 )Though he is 34,he looks very young for his age. (NMET2006 福建 )As we all know, you are what you eat. Therefore, it is very important for us to form healthy eating habits. However, bad eating

10、habits are still very common among us students. 再如： It doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think its rather beautiful. His children are well bred, whereas those of his sisters are naughty. 3. 表示因果关系常用的连接词有so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, on acc

11、ount of, since, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence, it follows that. 例如： (NMET2006 福建 )As we all know, you are what you eat. Therefore, it is very important for us to form healthy eating habits. (NMET2006 北京 )I would like to join the Peace and Friendship Camp since it would be a great oppor

12、tunity to make friends with young people from different countries about their cultures. 4. 表示解释、说明关系常用的连接词有namely, actually, in fact, such as, for example/instance, that is, that is to say, in other words, and so on, to tell you the truth, according to, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, i

13、t is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, to illustrate, truly等。例如： (NMET2006 陕西 )In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework. (NMET2006 全国 I)According to the rule, every stud

14、ent can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for ten days. 5. 表示条件关系常用的连接词有as (so)long as, on condition that, if, unless 等。例如：(NMET2006 天津 )If something terrible should happen, it would be difficult for people to get out quickly. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀

15、资源6. 表示强调常用的连接词有indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all, especially 等。例如： (NMET2006 江西 )In China the Mid-autumn Day means all family members getting together. In actual fact, a lot of old people live alone without their offsprings company even on

16、this special day. (NMET2006 北京 )I like music, especially classical music. 7. 表示时间顺序关系常用的连接词有now, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from

17、then on, meanwhile, not. until, before, when, while, as, during, first, second., then, in the end, eventually 等。例如：(NMET2006 天津 )First, the film was delayed as there were so many advertisements at the beginning. Second, the sound of the film was so loud that I could hardly bear it. (NMET2006 浙江 )The

18、y think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful. 8. 表示空间顺序关系常用的连接词有on the right/left, on the side of.on the other side of, on the foot/top/end, in the middle/center/back/front of, here, there, next to等。例

19、如： (NMET2006 全国 I)Our library is in the center of the school. There is a beautiful garden in front of it and our building is right behind it. 再如： The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fr

20、uits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where I was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (二)使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，重复使用相同的结构，其中既有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。它不但能使段落节奏匀称，还可以引起读者的注意，使读者顺利地理解全段内容，起到强调和承上启下的作用。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源词的重

21、复是常用的连接手法，它可以强调你所要表达的意思，也必然使读者把眼前的句子与前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句子与句子之间的衔接更加顺畅。例如：(NMET2006 北京 )I love life; I love mother ；I love nature; I love peace. 试比较： I love life; I love mother; I love nature and I love peace. 再如： (NMET2006 全国 II)I am a boy of 17 and I am studying at high scho

22、ol now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely. 上述例子使用的是词汇的重复，下面的文章则通过使用相同的语法结构保证了文章的连贯与流畅。(NMET2006 江苏 )If I have the honor to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline,

23、but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success. 再如：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. D

24、ont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Dont argue. 文中的 dont argue 反复出现 ,形成平行结构 ,有助于语句的

25、流畅和连贯。在使用平行结构的过程中要注意：如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的语法形式来表达，就破坏了平行结构。这里要注意几个十分容易犯的错误。1)不要使用 And who/And which 结构。如 James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 由于平行结构必须连接两个并列的成分，反之，就破坏了结构的平行。所以，我们可以把上述例句改为：James Joyces Ulysses, which is a

26、long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 2)一些成对连词如either. or; neither. nor; not only. but also; both. and; as well as等要连接一致的语法成分。例如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源(原句 )The musicians of whom the band was formed

27、played jokes on each other as well as music. (修改句 )The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as well as played music. (原句 )Not only Li Ming, his parents but also like watching football games. (修改句 )Not only Li Ming but also his parents like watching football games. 3)要注意 t

28、han 和 as引导的比较句。要使比较的东西或思想在逻辑上和语法上一致。例如：The students in our school are more intelligent than your school. 这个句子错在逻辑上把the students 和 your school 进行比较，应该添上than the students in your school 或是 than those in your school. (三)灵活运用代词，避免成分冗余除了过渡性词语外，省略、替代和所指等手段同样可以连句成段。用好各种替代词，有避免啰唆和重复，保持段落连贯性的作用。名词或代词是很重要的关系指

29、引词，它们不仅能指明句子内部某些词之间的关系，而且能沟通和建立句子和句子之间意义上的联系，从而使段落中前后句子的意义逻辑地、有条理地联系起来，起到承上启下的作用。例如： Tom finished his drink, wondered about another, but decided not. 句中使用代词another 代替 another drink ，既避免了重复、单调，又显得简洁明了，过渡自然。再如以下几个2006 年全国各地作文参考范文例句：(NMET2006 重庆 )While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notic

30、e, from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. 显然句中关系代词which 引导的非限制性定语使得主从句意义连贯，体现了作者的写作水平。试比较： While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice. From that (the notice) I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. (NMET2006 湖北 )However, the number of students who enjoy rea

31、ding popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods. 本句中作者通过使用 that, those 来代替 the number 和 students，避免了成分冗余的毛病。试比较：However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles the number of students who prefer reading articles

32、 about learning methods. (四)巧用同义词与反义词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源同义词与反义词用得好，可以避免出现单词重复，文章内容不再显得单调，还有助于文章的连贯，增添文采，给人耳目一新的感觉。例如：(NMET 2006 北京 ) I like music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful

33、 moments in my life. In fact, I like meeting people and enjoy talking with them. Believing we all need help from each other, I appreciate friends help and I am willing to help anyone in need. (五)灵活使用非谓语动词在英语写作中巧妙灵活地使用非谓语动词，可以代替句中的许多成分，能使文章言简意赅，自然流畅。例如：(NMET2006 湖南 )Compared with other teachers, Mr.

34、Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. (NMET2006 山东 )This cartoon seems to warn us that some people ignore civic virtue in society. Honestly speaking, some of us have got into the habits of littering and spitting in public places and unfortunately we dont realize that it is shameful to do

35、 so. 再如：Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 试比较以下两个例句：(原句 )The driver escaped; he left the old man lying on the road. (修正句 )The driver escaped, leaving the old man lying on the road. (六)使用同位语同位语的应用不仅能避免重复，还可以使文章表述自然、流畅，起到很好的

36、连接作用。例如：(NMET2006 重庆 )Also we can both write and talk to each other on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words. (NMET2006 北京 )I am Wangshan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School.(七)使用过渡句，自然衔接句子和段落过渡句在句子与句子、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结

37、构严谨，故极为重要。例如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源(NMET2006 陕西 )The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday.Some are in favor of staying at home. However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase thei

38、r knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. 再如： (NMET2006 浙江 )Some of us think that it is better to see the film than to read the book in the original. Some others have just the opposite opinion. They think that they can get more detail

39、ed information from the original. 综上所述， 文中的内容与思想可用多种手段连接起来。只要我们在写作中注意这些技巧和方法的运用， 用这些挂钩和导向信号保持着写作的连贯，就能够给读者带来思想流畅的印象，提高英语写作的档次。三、文末结论，首尾呼应文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻，也使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，连贯自然。用于结论段的常用语有：From this point of view从这个观点来看In a word 总而言之In conclusion 综上所述On account of this, we can

40、find that. 由此我们可以知道The result is dependent on. 结果是依而定To sum up 总括言之In brief 简言之Obviously,. 显然，Thus, it can be concluded that. 因此，我们可以得知Therefore, we can find that. 因此，我们可以发现比如下面的例子：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 9 页名师整理优秀资源(NMET2006 浙江 )In a word, to read the original work is b

41、etter than to see the film based on it. (NMET2006 山东 )In my opinion, we should get back the book if it is lost and keep in mind that everyone of us should do all we can to build up a sound civic virtue. 再如： Obviously( 此为过渡词语),we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and res

42、pect for others. Thus, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 综上所述， 要做到全文中心突出，段落之间必须是有机地联系，相互呼应，不可各自独立，前段不接后段、后段不理前段，使文章缺乏整体性。所以，在英语写作中，首先要进行整体布局。 要有： 开始部分 (Opening paragraph )- 说出文中的要点、 核心问题； 正文部分(Body paragraphs) -围绕主题开展叙述、讨论；结尾部分(Concluding paragraph)- 对全文的总结和概括。另外，根据不同的文体题材也应选择使用不同的篇章结构。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 9 页