2022年月全国自考《组织行为学》试题8 .pdf

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1、1 / 8 2008年 6 月 21日大学英语六级真题及答案What will the world be like in fifty years? This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056,fron gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the world s finest minds be

2、lieve our futures will be.For those of us lucky enough to live that long,2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions. We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last

3、 live in a world at peace with itself. The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexbaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice. Will we

4、really, as todays scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150? Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: “This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the

5、 predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 5 0 year ago.”Living longer Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, belives failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury

6、and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to “tune ” cells.Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to produce “unlimited supplies” of transplantable human organswithout t

7、he needed a new organ, such as kidney, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him the patients immuno-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type. These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts

8、, and alloweing them to deveoop into and organ in place of the animals own. But Prof. Lahn believes that farmed brains would be “off limits”.He says: “Very few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone elses and we probably dont want to put a human brain ing an animal body.”Richard

9、Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop“an thentic anti-ageing drugs” by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many forms of injuries. He says:“It s is now routine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Tur

10、ning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as todays people in their 60s”Aliens 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页2 / 8 Conlin Pillinger ,professor of planerary sciences at the Open U

11、niversity,says:”I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life didi start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.”Within 50years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites( 陨石). Chris McKay,a planetary scientist at NASA s Ames Research Center.believes that in 50

12、 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent forst of Mars or on other planers. He adds: ”There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth.It mightbe as different as English is to Chinese. Priceton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it “likely” that life form outer sp

13、ace will be discovered defore 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing,are improving. He ays: ”As soon as the first evidence is found,we will know what to look for and additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly.Such discoveries are likel

14、y to have revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may change the way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe. Colonies in space Richard Gottprofessor of astrophysics at Princeton,hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars,which would be a “life i

15、nsurance policy against whatever catastrophes,natural or otherwise,might occur on Earth. “The real space race is whether we will colonise off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programme runs out.”Spinal injuries Ellen Heber-Katz,a professor at the Wistar Institude in Philadelphia,f

16、oresees cures for inijuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicated Superman star Christopher Reeve. She says: ”I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to profescribe drugs that cause severes( 断裂的 ) spinal cords to heal,hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow. “Peo

17、ple will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within,inmuch the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile:by replancing the damaged part with a manufacturer-certified new part.”She predict that within 5 to 10 years fingers and toes will be regrown and li

18、mbs will start to be regrown a few years later. Reparies to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and,in time,the spinal cord.”Within 50years whole body replacement will be routine,”Prof.Heber-Katz adds. Obesity Sydney Brenner,senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in Calif

19、ornia,won the 2002 Noblel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive-and evolition will favour small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power. ”Obesity,”he says. ”will have been solved.”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结

20、- - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页3 / 8 Robots Rodney Brooks,professor of robotice at MIT,says the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome.As a result,”the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely”Energy Bill Joy,green technology ex

21、pert in Califomia,says:”The most significant breakthrought would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe,green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source. ”Ideally,such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic

22、 waste or carbon dioxide,the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming. Society Geoffrey Miller,evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico,says:”The US will follow the UKin realizing that religion is nor a prerequisite (前提)for ordinary human decency. “This,science will kill religi

23、on-not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical,uniwersal and rewarding moral frameworkfor human interaction.” He also predicts that “ahsurdly wasteful”displays of wealth will become umfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer. Th

24、ese there changer,he says,will help make us all”brigheter,wiser,happier and kinder”.1.What is john lnghams report about?A)A solution to the global energy crisis B)Extraordinary advances in technology. C)The latest developments of medical science D)Scientistsvision of the world in halfa century2. Acc

25、ording to Harvard professor Steven Pinker,predictions about the future_. A)may invite trouble B)may not come true C)will fool the public D)do more harm than good 3. Professor Bruce Lahn of the University of Chicago predicts that_. A)humans wont have to donate organs for transplantation B)more people

26、 will donate their organs for transplantation C)animal organs could be transplanted into human bodies D)organ transplantation wont be as scary as it is today4. According to professor Richard Miller of the University of Michigarr, prople will_. A)life for as long as they wish B)be relieved from all s

27、ufferings C) life to 100 and more with vitality 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页4 / 8 D)be able to live longer than whales 5.Priceton professor Freeman Syson thinks that_. A)scientists will find alien life similar to ours B)humans will be able to settle on Mars C)alien life w

28、ill likely be discovered D)life will start to evolve on Mars 6.According to Princeton professor Richard Gott,by setting up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, Humans_. A)Might survie allcatastrophes on earth B)Might acquire ample natural resources C)Will be able to travel to Mars freely D)Will move th

29、ere to live a better life 7.Ellen Heber-Katz, professor at the Wistar Institue in Philadelpia,predicts that_. A)human organs can bu manufactured like appliances B)people will be as strong and dymamic as supermen C) human nerves can be replanced by optic fibers D)lost fingers and limbs will be able t

30、o regrow 8.rodney Brooks says that it will be possible for robots to work with humans as a result or the development of_artificaial intelligence for robots_ 9. The most significant breakthrough predicted by Bill joy will be an inexhaustible green energy source that cant be used to make_pollutions_10

31、 According to Geoffrey Miller, science will offer a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework in place of _religion_ Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section B Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or u

32、nfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line thought the centre. Passage One Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.

33、No, youre not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable. A coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about $8. The o

34、nce all-powerful dollar isn t doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar. The weak dollar is a source of humiliation, for a nations

35、 self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency. It s also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates. And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy-from giant companies like Coca-

36、Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami-for 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页5 / 8 which the weak dollar is most excellent news. Many Europeans may view the U.S. as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warm

37、ly of the U.S. than a weak dollar. Through April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year. Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak? Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as

38、a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals cant afford to join the merrymaking. The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 200

39、7. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006. If you own shares in large American corporations, youre a winner in the weak-dollar gamble. Last week Coca-Colas stick bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter. Foreign sales accounted for

40、 65 percent of Cokes beverage business. Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonalds and IBM.American tourists, however, shouldn t expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up- slowly, and then all at once. And currencies dont turn on a dim

41、e. So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little respect. 52. Why do Americans feel humiliated? A) Their economy is plunging B) They cant afford trips to

42、 EuropeC) Their currency has slumped D) They have lost half of their assets. 53.How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans? A)They have to cancel their vacations in New England. B)They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants. C)They have to spend more money whe

43、n buying imported goods. D)They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems. 54 How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar? A)They feel contemptuous of it B)They are sympathetic with it. C)They regard it as a superpower on the decline. D)They think of it as a good

44、 tourist destination. 55 what is the authors advice to Americans?A.They treat the dollar with a little respect B.They try to win in the weak-dollar gamble C.They vacation at home rather than abroad D.They treasure their marriages all the more. 56 What does the author imply by saying “currencies dont

45、 turn on a dime” (Line 2,Para 7)?A.The dollars value will not increase in the short term.B.The value of a dollar will not be reduced to a dime 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页6 / 8 C.The dollars value will drop, but within a small margin.D.Few Americans will change dollars in

46、to other currencies. Passage Two In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fights. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. Ive twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefiel

47、d, something different is happening. We see our kids college background as e prize demonstrating how well weve raised them. But we cant acknowledge that our obsession(痴 迷 ) is more about us than them. So weve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It a

48、ctually doesnt matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic。 we worry that there wont be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria( 歇斯底里 ) is the belief that scarce elite deg

49、rees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausibleand mostly wrong. We havent found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools dont systematically employ bet

50、ter instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measuresprofessors feedback and the number of essay examsselective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-poinnt increase i