专业外语单片机方向.ppt

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1、专业外语单片机方向 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life, there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望 掌握专业外语技能是大学基础英语学习的主要目的之一，是一种素质上的提高，直接关系到学生的求职和毕业后的工作能力。 专业外语重要性体现在多个方面，大到日益广泛的国际间的科学技术交流，小到对产品说明书的翻译。在INTERNET查找资料。 专业外语具有与基础英语不同的特点和含义。 If a mouse is installed in a computer,then the available memor

2、y space for user will reduce. 错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。 专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用的内存空间就会减少。 Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏蔽罩上。 Control Center .Smoking Free. 错误译法：控制中心，吸烟自由。 Free 随便的，自由的 专业译法：控制中心，严禁吸烟。 Free 免除的专业英语的基本特点专业英语的基本特点 语言简练，结构严谨，

3、表达明确，不重语言简练，结构严谨，表达明确，不重虚文润饰。虚文润饰。 逻辑推理性强，原理概念清楚，段落章逻辑推理性强，原理概念清楚，段落章节分明。节分明。 专业英语的语法特色。专业英语的语法特色。 专业英语的特点。专业英语的特点。 非人称的语气和客观的态度，尤其是常使用非人称的语气和客观的态度，尤其是常使用ItIt结构；结构； 大量使用一般现在时时态和被动语态；大量使用一般现在时时态和被动语态； 大量使用非限定性动词，即不定式、分词和动名大量使用非限定性动词，即不定式、分词和动名词；词； 较多使用祈使语气，即所谓的公式化表达方式；较多使用祈使语气，即所谓的公式化表达方式； 大量使用介词短语；大

4、量使用介词短语； 条件句较多，尤其是条件句较多，尤其是IfIf语句；语句； 长句较多；长句较多； 省略句较多；省略句较多； 表达方式一般比较简洁，很少使用很复杂的从句。表达方式一般比较简洁，很少使用很复杂的从句。 大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇 ； Robot 机器人 resistor 电阻器 inductor 电感器 Multi-user 多用户 steady-state 稳态 大量使用词性转换；大量使用词性转换； 较多使用词缀和词根，甚至用词缀和词较多使用词缀和词根，甚至用词缀和词根创造新词；根创造新词； 大量使用单词所写或专用符号大量使用单词所写或专用符号 IT

5、 informatian technology 信息技术CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计DVD digital video discs 数字化视频光盘VCD Video Compact Disc 视频压缩盘片 新的专业词汇新的专业词汇Hypermedia 超媒体 hypertext 超文本 hyperlink 超链接专业英语中的常用符号和数学式专业英语中的常用符号和数学式 4/5 four fifths 0.025 zero point zero two five 2% two percent the second power of five； five to

6、 the power two + plus；positive - minus；negative x multiplied by； times25 divided by = is equal to;eauals sin x sine of x ab a puls or minus b a/b a is parallel to b x2 x square；x squared ； the square of x ； the second power of x专业英语的翻译标准专业英语的翻译标准 翻译首先要做到忠实、准确，要“信”。也就是说译文应避免漏译或错译，忠实正确的转达原文内容，既不歪曲，也不任

7、意增减。同时，在表达上保持原作的风格和文体。 The importance of computer in the use of automatic control can not be overestimated. 初译：初译：计算机在自动控制应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。 更正：更正：对计算机在自动控制应用上的重要性对计算机在自动控制应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。怎么估计也不会过高。 其次，要做到通顺、流畅，要“达”。这是指译文应通顺易懂，符合汉语的规范，要和原作同样的流利自如。同时，在翻译中要避免“死译”和“硬译”，以便于他人理解。 This possibility was suppo

8、rted to a limited extend in the tests. 初译：初译：这一可能性在试验中在有限程度上被支持了。 更正：更正：这一可能性在实验中于一定程度上得这一可能性在实验中于一定程度上得到了证实。到了证实。 The difference between single-board microcomputer and single-chip microcomputer do not stop there. 初译：初译：单板机和单片机的差别不停留在那里。 更正：更正：单板机和单片机的差别不仅如此。单板机和单片机的差别不仅如此。 Amplification means the t

9、ransformation of little currents into big ones,without distortion of the shape of current fluction. 初译：初译：放大意味着由小电流到大电流的转变，而电流起伏的形状没有歪曲。 更正：更正：所谓放大，就是把小电流变为大电流，所谓放大，就是把小电流变为大电流，而又不使电流波形失真。而又不使电流波形失真。 This technique provides a solution with the longest range and the maximum data rate for user. 初译：初译：

10、这一技术提供给用户具有目前最为广阔的传输范围和最大的数据传输速度的最为有效地解决方案。 更正：更正：这一技术为用户提供了具有最大的数这一技术为用户提供了具有最大的数据传输距离和速度的方案。据传输距离和速度的方案。 再次，译文在忠实和通顺的基础上还应注意文采，要“雅”。要讲修辞，使译文在逻辑上严谨而流畅，语言上优美而易懂。否则就会因“言之无文，行之不远”而失去读者。 最后，无论翻译或阅读，都希望有较高的翻译速度，也就是“捷”。速度越快，对信息的获取量也就越大，效率也就越高。 词汇的专业性含义强词汇的专业性含义强 diode 二极管，capacitor 电容，Internet 因特网； memor

11、y 内存/记忆，bus 总线/ 公共汽车，monitor 监视器/班长，order 阶次/命令/订货。 Unit1Electrical Networks An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected together in some manner. If the network contains no energy sources, such as batteries or electrical generators,

12、 it is known as a passive network. On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are present, the resultant combination is an active network. In studying the behavior of an electrical network, we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Since a networ

13、k is composed of passive circuit elements, we must first define the electrical characteristic of these elements. network n. 网络，电路resistor n. 电阻器inductor n. 电感器capacitor n. 电容器passive network 无源网络active network 有源网络characteristic adj. 特性(的)；n. 特性曲线Ohm n. 欧姆Faraday n. 法拉第electric charge 电荷integral n.

14、积分increment n. 增量armature n. 电枢，衔铁，加固aforementioned adj. 上述的，前面提到的represent v. 代表，表示，阐明amplify v. 放大symbolic adj. 符号的，记号的mesh n. 网孔Kirchhoffs first law 基尔霍夫第一定律loop current 回路电流voltage drop 电压降in series 串联differential adj. 微分的；n. 微分variable n. 变量outline n. 轮廓；v. 提出的要点eliminate v. 消除，对消 An electrical

15、 circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected together in some manner. If the network contains no energy sources, such as batteries or electrical generators, it is known as a passive network. On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are pr

16、esent, the resultant combination is an active network. In studying the behavior of an electrical network, we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements, we must first define the electrical characteris

17、tic of these elements. In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohms law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. Mathematically, this is expressed as u=iR where u=voltage

18、, V; i=current, A; R=resistance, The voltage across a pure inductor is defined by Faradays law, witch states that the voltage across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change with time of the current through the inductor. Thus we have where di/dt =rate of change of current, A/s; L= inductan

19、ce , H.tiLudd The voltage developed across a capacitor is proportional to the electric charge q accumulating on the plates of the capacitor. Since the accumulation of charge may be expressed as the summation, or integral, of the charge increments dq, we have the equation where the capacitance C is t

20、he proportionality constant relating voltage and charge. By definition, current equals rate of change of charge with time and is expressed as i=dq/dt. Thus an increment of charge dq is equal to the current multiplied by the corresponding time increment, or dq=i dt. 1qudc Eq.(1-1A-3 ) may then be wri

21、tten as where C= capacitance, F. A summary of Eqs(1-1A-1), (1-1A-2) and (1-1A-4) for the three forms of passive circuit elements is given in Fig. 1-1A-1. Note that conventional current flow is used; hence the current in each element is shown in the direction of decreasing voltage.tiCud1 Active elect

22、rical devices involve the conversion of energy to electrical form. For example, the electrical energy in a battery is derived from its stored chemical energy. The electrical energy of a generator is a result of the mechanical energy of the rotating armature. i i i + R + L + C a) b) c) LLd / d(1/)duL

23、 itiLutC(1/)duCi td/ diC utRuiRR/iuR Active electrical elements occur in two basic form: voltage sources and current sources. In their ideal form, voltage sources generate a constant voltage independent of the current drawn from the source. The aforementioned battery and generator are regarded as vo

24、ltage sources since their voltage is essentially constant with load. On the other hand, current sources produce a current whose magnitude is independent of the load connected to the source. Although current sources are not as familiar in practice, the concept does find wide use in representing an am

25、plifying device, such as the transistor, by means of an equivalent electrical circuit. Symbolic representations of voltage and current sources are shown in fig. 1-1A-2. + E a) i + i b) u + A common method of analyzing an electrical network is mesh or loop analysis. The fundamental law that is applie

26、d in this method is Kirchhoff s first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around a closed loop is 0, or, in any close loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops. Mesh analysis consists of assuming that current-termed loop currents-flow in each loop

27、 of network, algebraically summing the voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.A A 运算放大器运算放大器1 . 课 文 内 容 简 介 ： 主 要 介 绍 专 业 基 础 课 模 拟 电 子 技 术 基 础 中 运 算 放 大 器 的 概 念 ， 放 大 倍 数 的 计 算 方 法 ， 理 想 运 放两个输入端“虚短路”和“虚断路”的概念。2.温习模拟电子技术基础中比例运算电路的分析方法。3.生词与短语amplifier n. 放大器integrated circu

28、it 集成电路building blocks 积木potential n. (电)势cascade n., v. 串联；adj. 串联的 on the order of 属于同类的，约为trade off 换取cumbersome adj. 麻烦的intrinsic adj. 内在的circuitry n. 电路 network n. 网络，电路resistor n. 电阻器inductor n. 电感器capacitor n. 电容器passive network 无源网络active network 有源网络characteristic adj. 特性(的)；n. 特性曲线Ohm n. 欧

29、姆Faraday n. 法拉第electric charge 电荷integral n. 积分increment n. 增量armature n. 电枢，衔铁，加固aforementioned adj. 上述的，前面提到的represent v. 代表，表示，阐明amplify v. 放大symbolic adj. 符号的，记号的mesh n. 网孔Kirchhoffs first law 基尔霍夫第一定律loop current 回路电流voltage drop 电压降in series 串联differential adj. 微分的；n. 微分variable n. 变量outline n

30、. 轮廓；v. 提出的要点eliminate v. 消除，对消 One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system . This makes design difficult since these parameters usually vary from device to device, as well as with

31、 temperature. The operational amplifier, or Op-Amp, is designed to minimize this dependence and to maximize the ease of design. An Op-Amp is an integrated circuit that has many component parts such as resistors and transistors built into the device. At this point we will make no attempt to describe

32、these inner workings. A totally general analysis of the Op-Amp is beyond the scope of some texts. We will instead study one example in detail, then present the two Op-Amp laws and show how they can be used for analysis in many practical circuit applications(). These two principles allow one to desig

33、n many circuits without a detailed understanding of the device physics. Hence, Op-Amps are quite useful for researchers in a variety of technical fields who need to build simple amplifiers but do not want to design at the transistor level. In the texts of electrical circuits and electronic they will

34、 also show how to build simple filter circuits using Op-Amps. The transistor amplifiers, which are the building blocks from which Op-Amp integrated circuits are constructed, will be discussed. The symbol used for an ideal On-Amp is shown in Fig.l-2A-1. Only three connections are shown: the positive

35、and negative inputs, and the output. Not shown are other connections necessary to run the Op-Amp such as its attachments to power supplies and to ground potential. The latter connections are necessary to use the Op-Amp in a practical circus but are not necessary when considering the ideal Op-Amp app

36、lications we study in this unit. The voltages at the two inputs and the output will be represented by the symbols U+，U-，and U0 . Each is measured with respect to ground potential. Operational amplifiers are differential devices. By this we mean that the output voltage with respect to ground is given

37、 by the expression. U0=A(U+ - U-) where A is the gain of the Op-Amp and U+ and U- the voltages at inputs. In other words, the output voltage is A times the difference in potential between the two inputs. Integrated circuit technology allows construction of many amplifier circuits on a single composi

38、te “chip” of semiconductor material. One key to the success of an operational amplifier is the cascading“ of a number of transistor amplifiers to create a very large total gain. That is, the number A in Eq. (1-2A-1) can be on the order of 100,000 or more. (For example, cascading of five transistor a

39、mplifiers, each with a gain of 10, would yield this value for A.) A second important factor is that these circuits can be built in such a way that the current flow into each of the inputs is very small. A third important design feature is that the output resistance of the operational amplifier (Ro)

40、is very small. This in turn means that the output of the device acts like an ideal voltage source. We now can analyze the particular amplifier circuit given in Fig. 1-2A-2 using these characteristics. First, we note that the voltage at the positive input, U+，is equal to the source voltage , U+=Us. V

41、arious currents are defined in part b of the figure. Applying KVL around the outer loop in Fig. 1-2A-2b and remembering that the output voltage, Uo, is measured with respect to ground, we have Since the Op-Amp is constructed in such a way that no current flows into either the positive or negative in

42、put, I-=0. KCL at the negative input terminal then yields I1=I2 Using Eq. (1-2A-2) and setting I1=I2=I We may use Ohms law to find the voltage at the negative input, U-，noting the assumed current direction and the fact that ground potential is zero volts: Since we now have expressions for U+and U-，E

43、q. (1-2A-1) may be used to calculate the output voltage, This is the gain factor for the circuit. If A is a very large number, large enough that AR1(R1+R2), the denominator of this fraction is dominated by the AR1 term. The factor A，which is in both the numerator and denominator, then cancels out an

44、d the gain is given by the expression This shows that if A is very large, then the gain of the circuit is independent of the exact value of A and can be controlled by the choice of R1 and R2. This is one of the key features of Op-Amp designthe action of the circuit on signals depends only upon the e

45、xternal elements which can be easily varied by the designer and which do not depend upon the detailed character of the Op-Amp itself. Note that if A=100 000 and (R1+R2) /R1=10, the price we have paid for this advantage is that we have used a device with a voltage gain of 100 000 to produce an amplif

46、ier with a gain of 10. In some sense, by using an Op-Amp we trade off power for control. A similar mathematical analysis can be made on any Op一 Amp circuit, but this is cumbersome and there are some very useful shortcuts that involve application of the two laws of Op-Amps which we now present. 1) Th

47、e first law states that in normal Op-Amp circuits we may assume that the voltage difference between the input terminals is zero, that is, 2) The second law states that in normal Op-Amp circuits both of the input may be assumed to be zero: The first law is due to the large value of the intrinsic gain

48、 A. For example, if the output of an Op-amp is 1 V and A=100 000, then This is such a small number that it can often be ignored, and we set U+=U- . The second law comes from the construction of the circuitry inside the Op-Amp which is such that almost no current flows into either of the two inputs.译

49、文分析A totally general analysis of the Op-Amp is beyond the scope of some texts. We will instead study one example in detail, then present the two Op-Amp laws and show how they can be used for analysis in many practical circuit applications(). These two principles allow one to design many circuits wit

50、hout a detailed understanding of the device physics. Hence, Op-Amps are quite useful for researchers in a variety of technical fields who need to build simple amplifiers but do not want to design at the transistor level. A.对于总体上普遍的分析运算放大器已超过了许多教材范围，我们将代替详细学习一个例子的旧方法。目前，关于运算放大器的有关法律指出他们怎样能用于分析实际线路的申请