igcse物理大纲.doc

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1、/*1. General Physics 普通物理1.1 Length and time 长度和时间1. Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to determine a length or a volume.使用并且描述如何用尺子和量筒测量长度和体积。2. Use and describe the use of clocks and devices for measuring an interval of time.使用并且描述如何用钟表和一些仪器测量时间间隔。3. Use and describe the us

2、e of a mechanical method for the measurement of a small distance.使用并描述利用机械的方法测量短距离。4. Measure and describe how to measure a short interval of time (including the period of a pendulum).测量和描述怎样测量一个短时间间隔（包括单摆的周期）。1.2 Speed, velocity and acceleration 速率，速度，加速度1. Define speed and calculate speed from tot

3、al distance/total time.定义速率和计算 ：速率=总路程/总时间2. Plot and interpret a speed/time graph or a distance/time graph.画和解释 速率/时间 图像或者 路程/时间 图像3. Recognize from the shape of a speed/time graph when a body is (a) at rest, (b) moving with constant speed, or (c) moving with changing speed.从 速率/时间 图像中辨认出：(a) 静止，(b

4、) 匀速运动和 (c) 变速运动。4. Calculate the area under a speed/time graph to determine the distance traveled for motion with constant acceleration.计算 速率/时间 图像中的面积得出匀加速运动的路程。5. Demonstrate some understanding that acceleration is related to changing speed.解释加速度和速度的改变量之间的联系。6. State that the acceleration of free

5、 fall for a body near to the Earth is constant.说明地球表面附近的物体自由降落的加速度是衡定的。7. Distinguish between speed and velocity.区分速率和速度。8. Recognize linear motion for which the acceleration is constant and calculate the acceleration.认识匀加速的运动并且计算加速度。9. Recognize motion for which the acceleration is not constant.认识非

6、匀加速运动。10. Describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with and without air resistance (including reference to terminal velocity).定性的描述计和不计空气阻力物体在均匀重力场中下落的运动（包括设计到末速度。1.3 Mass and weight 质量和重量1. Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body.熟练掌握一个物体的质量的

7、概念。2. State that weight is a force.陈述重量是一种力。3. Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance.阐明重量（因此质量）可以用天平来比较。4. Demonstrate an understanding that mass is a property which resists change in motion.阐明质量是物体阻碍加速度的一种性质5. Describe, and use the concept of, wei

8、ght as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.描述和利用重力是重力场作用在物体上的效果的概念。1.4 Density 密度1. Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation.描述一个测量液体或者规则形状的固体的密度的实验并做必要的计算。2. Describe the determination of the density of

9、an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement and make the necessary calculation.描述通过替代法测量一个不规则形状的固体的密度并做必要的计算。 1.5 Force 力(a) Effects of forces 力的作用效果1. State that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.说明一个力可以改变一个物体的大小和形状。2. Plot extension/load graphs and describe the

10、 associated experimental procedure.画 伸长量/力 的图像并描述这个相关实验过程。3. Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.描述力可以怎样改变一个物体的运动。4. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.求共线的两个或多个力的合力。10. Interpret extension/load graphs.解释 伸长量/负荷 的图象。11. State Hookes Law

11、 and recall and use the expression F = k x.说明胡克定律并记住使用F=kx。12. Recognize the significance of the term limit of proportionality for an extension/load graph. 从 伸长量/负荷 图像中辨认出正比例限度。13. Recall and use the relation between force, mass and acceleration (including the direction).记住和应用力，质量和加速度之间的关系。（F=ma）。14

12、. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force (F = mv2 / r is not required).定性的描述物体在一个垂直力的作用下沿曲线运动。 (b) Turning effect 转动效果5. Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples. 描述力矩是力的转动效果量度并且取例子。6. Describe, qualitatively,

13、 the balancing of a beam about a pivot.定性的描述一个杆关于支点的平衡。15. Perform and describe an experiment (involving vertical forces) to verify that there is no net moment on a body in equilibrium.演示和描述一个实验证明物体在合力矩为零时会保持平衡。16. Apply the idea of opposing moments to simple systems in equilibrium.应用反向的力矩简化一个系统的平衡。

14、(c) Conditions for equilibrium 平衡的条件7. State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium. 描述当合力为零并且合力矩为零时，系统保持平衡。(d) Centre of mass 质心8. Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina. 演示和描述一

15、个在几何平面内找出物体质心的实验。9. Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects. 定性的描述质心的位置对物体稳定的影响。(e) Scalars and vectors 标量和矢量17. Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples. 阐明和理解标量和矢量之间的区别并且提出

16、常见的例子。18. Add vectors by graphical representation to determine a resultant.通过图像表示求两个矢量的和。19. Determine graphically a resultant of two vectors.通过画图求两个矢量的和1.6 Energy, work and power 能量，功和功率(a) Energy能量1. Demonstrate an understanding that an object may have energy due to its motion or its position, and

17、 that energy may be transferred and stored.描述和理解一个物体由于运动和位置产生的能量，这个能量能够被转换和储存。2. Give examples of energy in different forms, including kinetic, gravitational, chemical, strain, nuclear, internal, electrical, light and sound.给一些不同形式的能量的例子，包括动能，势能，化学能，弹性势能，核能，内能，电能，光能和声能，3. Give examples of the conver

18、sion of energy from one form to another and of its transfer from on place to another.给一些从一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式的能量，从一个地方传播到另一个地方。4. Apply the principle of energy conservation to simple examples应用能量守恒的简单的例子。8. Recall and use the expressions k.e.= mv2 and p.e. = mgh记住和应用表达式K.e=1/2mv和p.e=mgh(b) Energy resourc

19、es 能源5. Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from(i) chemical energy stored in fuel (ii) water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams (iii) geothermal resources (iv) nuclear fission (v) heat and light from the Sun 描

20、述电能和其它有用的能量形式怎样从下列能源获得的：(i) 储存在然连中的化学能。(ii) 水包括储存在波和潮汐中的能量和水力电气水坝后面的水里面的重力势能(iii) 地热能(iv) 核裂变(v) 来自太阳的热和光能9. Show an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun.描述和理解太阳的核裂变释放能量10. Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency 定性的理解效率(c) Work 功4-relate, without calculation, wo

21、rk done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved不通过计算找出做功与力的大小和移动的路程之间的关系5-describe energy changes in terms of work done描述能量的改变就是做功6-recall and use W = Fd = E记住和应用(d) Power 功率1-relate, without calculation, power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples不用计算用合适的例子找出功率与做功和时间的关系

22、2-recall and use the equation P = E/t in simple systems 记住和应用在一个简单的系统P=E/t1.7 Pressure压强 1-relate, without calculation, pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples不通过计算，通过合适的例子得出压强，力和面积之间的联系2-describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure描述简单的水银气压计和用它来

23、测量大气压强3-relate, without calculation, the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples不通过计算通过合适的例子得出液体表面下的压强，升读和密度之间的关系4-use and describe the use of a manometer描述压力计的应用5recall and use the equation p = F/A记住，会用等式P=F/A6-recall and use the equation p = hg记住会用等式p=

24、pgh2. Thermal Physics热学物理2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter物质简单分子动能模型(a) States of matter物质的状态1-state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases描述固体，液体，气体性质的区别(b) Molecular model分子模型 1-describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固体，液体，气体的

25、分子结构2-interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子运动来描述气体的温度3-describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子运动来定性的描述气体的压强。4-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the pressure of a gas at constant volu

26、me定性的描述体积不变时温度的变化对压强的影响。5-show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter解释和理解粒子的随机运动 是分子动力学模型的一个实例6-describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment用分子的随机轰炸来描述一种运动（布朗运动）7-

27、relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules联系固体，液体，气体的性质与分子间力，分子间距离和分子的 运动8-show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light, fast moving molecules展示一定质量的粒子被光照后移动，并且移动加快。(c) Evaporation蒸发 1-descr

28、ibe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid以高能量的分子从液体表面逃离的方式描述蒸发。2-relate evaporation and the consequent cooling联系蒸发和冷却结果3-demonstrate an understanding of how temperature, surface area and over a surface influence evaporation描述理解温度，表面积和表面的气流对蒸发的影响。

29、(d) Pressure changes改变压强1-relate the change in volume of a gas to change in pressure applied to the gas at constant temperature 联系温度不变时，体积的改变引起压强的改变。2-recall and use the equation pV = constant at constant temperature记住和应用当温度不变时等式，PV=常数 2.2 Thermal properties 热性质(a) Thermal expansion of solids, liqui

30、ds and gases固体，液体和气体的热膨胀。1-describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固体，液体和气体的热膨胀。2-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion描述和解释一些生活中热膨胀的实例3-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the vo

31、lume of a gas at constant pressure mention定性的描述提到的压强一定时，温度对气体的影响。4-show an appreciation of the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases说明并展现固体、液体、气体之间膨胀的关系(b) Measurement of Temperature 温度的测量1-appreciate how a physical property which varies with temperature may be us

32、ed for the measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties赏识一下变化温度的物理性质被用来测量温度并描述一个类似的例子2-recogize the need for and identify fixed Points识别和辨认所需要的固定点3-describe the structure and action of liquid in glass thermometers描述一个液体温度计的结构和作用4-demonstrate understanding of sensitivity, range an

33、d linearity说明和理解灵敏度，变化范围和线性5-describe the structure of a thermocouple and show understanding of its use for measuring high temperatures and those which vary rapidly描述热偶的结构和理解用它来测量迅速变化的高温(c) Thermal capacity 热容量1-relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in internal energy描述一个物体的温度升高内能增加。

34、2-show an understanding of the term thermal capacity 理解说明热容量3-describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance描述一个实验测量一个物体的比热容量。(d) Melting and boiling 熔化和沸腾1-describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature温度不变时用吸收的能量描述融化和沸腾2-state the

35、 meaning of melting point and boiling point描述熔点和沸点的意义3-describe condensation and solidification描述液化和凝固4-distinguish between boiling and evaporation区分沸腾和蒸发5-use the terms latent heat of vaporization and latent heat of fusion and give a molecular interpretation of latent heat用蒸发潜热和熔化潜热和给定的分子解释潜热。6-des

36、cribe an experiment to measure specific latent heats for steam and for ice描述一个测量水流和冰的浅比热。2.3 Transfer of thermal energy热能的传递(a) Conduction 传导1-describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad conductors of heat描述一个热导体性能好坏的实验。2-give a simple molecular account of heat transfer in sol

37、ids给出在固体中一个简单分子热能的转移。(b) Convection 对流1-relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection液体密度的改变和转换的关系，描述一个实验解释转换。(c) Radiation 辐射1-identify infra-red radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum辨认红外辐射是电磁光谱的一部分。2-describe experiments to show the pr

38、operties of good and bad emitters and good and bad absorbers of infra-red radiation描述一些实验证明红外辐射好的和坏的释放者和吸收者。(d) Consequences of energy transfer能量转移的结果1-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation辨认和解释生活中传导，转换和辐射的应用和结果。3. Properties

39、of waves, including light and sound波的性质包括光和声3.1 General wave properties普通波的性质 1-describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes, springs and by experiments using water waves通过用波动的意义解释绳子，弹簧和水波的振动试验2-use the term wavefront用波振面 3-give the meaning of speed, frequency, waveleng

40、th and amplitude给出速率，频率，波长和幅度的意义。4-recall and use the equation v = f 记住和应用等式速率=平率时间5-distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples区分横波和纵波并且举出合适的例子。6-describe the use of water waves to show用水波描述(i) reflection at a plane surface平面反射(ii) refraction due to a change of

41、speed折射由于速率的改变。(iii) diffraction produced by wide and narrow gaps通过宽的或窄的缝隙产生衍射。7-interpret reflection, refraction and diffraction using wave theory用波的理论解释反射，折射和衍射。3.2 Light光(a) Reflection of light 光的反射1-describe the formation, and give the characteristics, of an optical image by a plane mirror描述形成，给

42、出特点在平面镜中呈现的光学图像。2-use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection会用入射角等于反射角3-perform simple constructions, measurements and calculations演示简单的结构测量和计算。(b) Refraction of light 光的衍射1-describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light描述一个实验解释光的衍射现象。2-use the terminology for the angle

43、of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material会用术语入射角i折射角r并且描述光通过两个透明的平行板。3-give the meaning of critical angle给出一些重要角度的意义。4-describe internal and total internal reflection描述内部的和总的反射5-recall and use the definition of refractive n

44、 in terms of speed记住和应用以速度定义折射率n.6-recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n 记住和应用等式sin i/sin r=n7-describe the action of optical fibres 描述纤维光学的作用。(c) Thin converging lens 薄的汇聚透镜1-describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light描述薄聚焦透镜对一束光的作用。2-use the term principal focus and foc

45、al length会用主焦点和焦距。3-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a real image by a single lens用光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的实相。4-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image by a single lens画光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的虚像。5-use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass用和描述利用一个单镜头作为一个放大镜

46、。(d) Dispersion of light 光的分散1-give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism定性的分析当光通过棱镜分散的行为(e) Electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱1-describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and state that all e.m. waves travel with the same h

47、igh speed in vacuo描述电磁波的主要特点和描述所有的波以同样的速度在真空中传播。2-state the approximate value of the speed of electro-magnetic waves描述电磁波速度值。3-use the term monochromatic用单一的一色的。3.3 Sound 声音1-describe the production of sound by vibrating sources描述声音是由振动产生。2-describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves描述声音的纵向特性。3-state the approximate range of audible frequencies描述可听得见波的大概频率。4-show an understanding that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves展示和理解声音的传播需要介质。5-describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound