2022年高考英语近三年真题语法精讲精练专题名词和冠词 .pdf
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1、学习好资料欢迎下载语法专题十一名词和冠词一、名词高考对名词的考查主要是名词的辨析,特别是同义词和近义词的辨析。高考试题的选项从汉语翻译上看可能是同义词或近义词,但其英语含义不同,而且可能有不同的习惯搭配。因此要结合英语的真正含义和这个名词的用法考虑答案,不能看其汉语字面意义就随意做出选择。高考有时也把名词与冠词和主谓一致放在一起考查。考点一名词的数1常见的不可数名词有advice,news,progress,money,furniture ,fun,weather,luck,homework ,housework,information ,bread,medicine,clothing ,we
2、alth, soap,rice 等,这些词在英文里一般都用作不可数名词,在使用中不可乱套汉语而使用复数或加不定冠词。What fine weather! We have got a lot of information on the Internet. 2有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜, clothes 衣服, goods 货物, trousers 裤子, belongings所有物,wages工资,riches 财富,surroundings 环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle 家畜,congratulations祝贺, have words with
3、 sb. 同某人吵架, in high spirits 以很高热情地,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候, in rags 衣衫破烂, It is good manners to do sth.做某事有礼貌。3有些名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,但意义不同。work 当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品, 著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间” (不可数 ), “房间” (可数 ); experience“经验” (不可数 ),“经历” (可数 );paper“纸” (不可数 ),“论文、文件、试卷”(可数 )。Working with Tom who
4、 has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience. 与汤姆这个有着丰富经验的人在一起工作是次愉快的经历。考点二物质名词、抽象名词的具体化、量化1一般抽象名词表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪、思维、动作时为不可数名词。若与定冠词连用表特指内容,如the science of sound(声学 ),the time of the play( 剧中时间 )。若泛指一般概念、意义,则不与任何冠词连用。如果表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,这一类抽象名词已具体化。常以“a/an (形容词 )抽象名词”形式出现。Knowled
5、ge begins with practice. A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 2有些物质名词可以具体为有形或有数量的相应物体,作单数、复数都可以。如:some coffee“一些咖啡” /a coffee“一杯咖啡”;drink “饮料” /two drinks “两杯饮料”;ice“冰” /two ices“两份冰淇淋”等。考点三名词所有格1“ s”所有格:1)用于表示时间、距离、 价格、 重量等的名词后。如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk(drive) ,five p
6、ounds weight 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页学习好资料欢迎下载2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the earths planet,the worlds population ,Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。2“ of”所有格:1)表示“部分”时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词(a,two,several,some,no,many等)。Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.
7、张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。2)表示“其中之一, 其中一部分”的意思时,如:a friend of Toms 汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。3)表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,如:that/this/these/those 名词 (单、复数 )of Marys/yours/his/hers 。That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏 ) 二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词a,an 和定冠词the。冠词是虚词, 不能单独使用, 必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数、单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠
8、词的使用。泛指即不明确具体所指,是不定冠词 a(an)和零冠词 (即不使用冠词 )的基本用法。而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无误地知道所指,是定冠词 the 的基本用法。考点一常用不定冠词的几种情况1表示“一”,相当于“one”。Ill return in a day or two. 2表示“每”,相当于“per”。We have eight classes a day. 3表示“同一性”,相当于“the same”。The children are of an age. 4表示类指,表示“某类”。He wants to be a doctor. 5表示泛指,相当于“any”。A horse
9、is a useful animal. 6表示某一个,相当于“a certain”。A Mr Smith is asking to see you. 7与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”,如:a success一件成功的事或是一个成功的人, a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事,a pity 一件遗憾的事,an honour 一个 (件 )引以为荣的人(事)。8与物质名词连用,表示“一种,一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain! 考点二常用定冠词的几种情况1表示某一类人或物:The bike is a useful means of transportation. 2用于
10、世上独一无二的事物名词前:the universe, the moon,the Pacific Ocean 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页学习好资料欢迎下载3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事:Please pass me the salt! 4用于演奏乐器:play the violin ,play the guitar 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人:the rich,the living ,the wounded 6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”:Could you tell me the way to
11、the Johnsons ,please?Sorry,we dont have a Johnson here in the village. 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前:He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前:the United States, the Communist Party of China ,the French 9用于表示发明物的单数名词前:The compass was invented in China. 10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代:in the 1990s(2
12、0 世纪 90 年代 ) 11用于表示度量单位的名词前:I hired the car by the hour.( 对比 I hired the car by time.) 12用于方位名词,身体部位名词前:He hit me on the head. 13用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前:the Great Wall, the West Lake 14与比较级和最高级连用1)比较级and 比较级表示“越来越”。The harder he works, the happier he feels. 2)表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加the。Who is the taller of the tw
13、o boys? 3)三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Mary is the tallest child in her family. 考点三使用零冠词的情况1名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。I like this picture. 2季节、月份、星期等名词表示泛指时,前面一般不用冠词。She likes spring most,but she didnt like the spring of 2012.( 第一个 spring 为泛指,第二个为特指) 3三餐、学科、球类和棋类运动的名称前表示泛指
14、时不用冠词。He has lunch at home;and today he had a good lunch. She is fond of playing basketball. 4表示头衔、职位的名词前。He was elected chairman. 5turn 作系动词时,后面的单数名词前不用冠词。He was a medical student before he turned writer. 考点四序数词前使用冠词的情况“the 序数词”表示排序;“a/an序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一; 再一”; 序数词修饰动词时,不必与冠词连用。精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
15、- - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页学习好资料欢迎下载Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car. He was a pupil when I first met him. 考点五冠词位置1不定冠词副词形容词名词This is a very interesting story. 2such,what,both, all,quite 或 rather 不定冠词形容词名词Ive never seen such a film! What a good idea it is! 3as,so,too, how,however 或 eno
16、ugh形容词不定冠词名词It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. I cant finish the task in so short a time. 4half, twice 或 three times the 名词Their house is three times the size of yours. 考点六有无冠词的区别by day 在白天by the day 按天计算in case of 以防in the case of 就来说in charge of 负责,管理in the charge of 由负责in office 执政in t
17、he office 在办公室in sight(of) 看见in the sight(of) 在看来go to sea去当水手go to the sea到海边去out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能take advice 征求意见take the advice 听从劝告at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌旁go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂in prison 坐牢in the prison 在监狱精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4
18、 页,共 11 页学习好资料欢迎下载in place of 代替in the place of 在的地方1(2012 课标全国高考 )Sarah looked at _ finished painting with _ satisfaction. A不填; aB a;theC the;不填Dthe;a 2(2012 全国高考 )He missed _ gold in the high jump ,but will get _ second chance in the long jump. Athe;the B不填; aCthe;a Da;不填3(2012 重庆高考 )Sam has been
19、appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. A/;/ Bthe;/Cthe;the D /;the 4(2012 安徽高考 )Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day. A/;a B/;theCthe;a Dthe;the 5 (2012 江西高考 )The Smiths dont usually like sta
20、ying at _ hotels ,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea. A/;a Bthe;theC/;the Dthe;a 6(2012 辽宁高考 )I woke up with _ bad headache ,yet by _ evening the pain had gone. Athe;the Bthe; anC a;the Da;an 7(2012 山东高考 )Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough
21、 times. A the; the Ba;aCa;不填D不填; a 8(2012 四川高考 )We are said to be living in_Information Age,_time of new discoveries and great changes. Aan;the B不填; theC不填; a Dthe;a 9 (2012 浙江高考 )The development of industry has been _ gradual process throughout _human existence,from stone tools to modern technology
22、. A不填; the Bthe;aCa;不填Da; a 10(2012 全国高考 )The HarryPotter books are quite popular;they are in great _ in this city. Aquantity BprogressC production D demand 11(2012 天津高考 )You are working too hard.Youd better keep a _ between work and relaxation. Apromise BleadCbalance Ddiary 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
23、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页学习好资料欢迎下载12(2012 福建高考 )Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? Well,you know ,English is my _.So it is my best choice. Astrength BtalentCability Dskill 13(2012 湖北高考 )It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of ey
24、e disease that may not have any _. Asymptom BsimilarityC sample Dshadow 14(2012 湖北高考 )The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _in applying for a visa. Apattern BprocedureCprogram Dperspective 15(2012 江苏高考 )Can I help you with it? I appreciate your _ ,but I can manage it myself.
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