2022年高中英语语法专项精讲-非谓语动词讲解 .pdf

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1、精品资料欢迎下载非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词 (ing)、现在分词 (ing)与过去分词 (ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。形式对比项目动词不定式(to do) 动名词 (doing) 现在分词 (doing) 过去分词 (done) 意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词， 指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、

2、状语形式主动一般式to do doing doing done 被动式to be done being done being done 主动完成式to have done having done having done 被动完成式to have been done having been done having been done 否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not 动词不定式定义： 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done 完成式to have

3、done to have been done 进行式to be doing 无完成进行式to have been doing 无一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done). eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. 2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。e.g. When I

4、went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. 3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done). e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓

5、语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式 . eg: We re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法：1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构To see is to believe. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页精品资料欢

6、迎下载3)it 形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it 做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish）(2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如 easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary）(3)It is +a/an + 名词 + to do.（如 a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one s duty / a

7、n honor ）(4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do (5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 不定式做表语：不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。3. 动词不定式作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等只能

8、用动词不定式作宾语*注意 : （1） 某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean（2）某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用 it 作形式宾语4动词不定式做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。I. 不定式作定语需要后置。II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语（逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）或修饰性关系（同位关系）。

9、5. 宾语补足语 : eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street. 注 1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to， 这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let 等。但如果句子是被动语态，则to 不可省略。eg. He was made to clean the windows as a punishment. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 注 2 help 后可以直接用带t

10、o 或不带 to 的不定式作宾语。6. 不定式做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(主语一致 ) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone. 7. 同位语 : e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished? 8. 独立成分 : e.g. To tell you the truth

11、, I don t like you. 类似的有： to be frank 坦率地说， to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等三、不定式的否定式：通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again. 四、动词不定式的“ 省略 ”1、不定式省to 1） 在 had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than （宁愿 而不

12、） , cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not) 等结构后面的不定式符号to 通常被省略。 2） 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides 的宾语 ,且介词之前有行为动词do 或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to 通常被省略。3） 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to 通常被省略 ;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to 通常要保留。eg: They didn t tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系 ) 他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child t

13、o stay there and wait till she came back.( 并列关系 ) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4） 在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make 等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to 总是被省略 ,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to 通常要保留。2、不定式省do 留 to 1） 为了避免重复 ,在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to,

14、 be going to, used to, ought to 等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。 e.g. Ms King lied to us because she had to. 注意：在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done 时,则不定式符号to 和 be或 have 常一并保留 ,be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略。如: 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页精品资料欢迎下载Arent you the

15、headmaster?你难道不是校长吗? No, and I dont want to be. 我不是 ,而且我也不想当。Hasn t he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗? No, but he ought to have. 是的 ,但他本来应该写完。2） 当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复 ,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but he

16、r parents won t allow her to. If he doesn t want to go there, don t force him to. He didn t come, though we had invited him to. 动词-ing 形式的要点1-ing 的形式2.-ing 形式的基本用法(1)作主语： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)作表语： Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much. 作某些短语动词的宾语。Mary is

17、 thinking of going back to New York. do限定词 (my, some, any, the 等)v.-ing，表示 “ 做 事” 之意，如：do some cleaning 打扫卫生do some shopping 购物作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics. 作形容词worth, busy 等的宾语： This book is well worth reading. (4)作定语： The sleeping child is only five years old. (5)作宾语补足语：We can see

18、 steam rising from the wet clothes. 可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep 等。(6)作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when 或 while，如： When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：

19、Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3. 主动语态 -ing 完成式的基本用法。主动语态 -ing 完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如： Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 4. 被动语态 -ing 一般式的基本用法。被动语态 -ing 一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生

20、的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours. 5. 被动语态 -ing 完成式的基本用法。被动语态 -ing 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如： Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 6. -ing 形式的复合结构。在 -ing 前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing 的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing 的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如： Your smoking and

21、 drinking too much will do harm to your health. 7. -ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、 宾语时的区别。一般说来， 表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如： Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.8. -ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing 形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时

22、，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如： The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write. 9. -ing 形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（ 1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如： I have told them to come again tomorrow. （2）在 see, watch, hear, feel 等之后，如果用-ing 形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to 的不定式作宾补时，不定式

23、所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页精品资料欢迎下载10. -ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing 形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如： Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I

24、 looked into the window to see what was going on inside. 过去分词的要点过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：（1）作定语 ：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the pol

25、ice last week. （2）作表语 ：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother. 这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have 后

26、的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。（4）作状语 ：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as 等连词， 如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; G

27、iven more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we 是该结构的逻辑主语，是give 的逻辑宾语。）易错易混点1疑问词 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如： How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 2动词不定式的否定式：由not 动词不定式构成，如：3v.-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。v -ing 形式：表示抽象或泛指的动作。不定式：表示具体

28、某一次的动作。She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to_play it today. 4v.-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。v-ing 形式：动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。不定式：动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。eg. The girl writing_a_letter_there can speak English very well. I have three letters to_write. 5v.-ing 形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。(1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的

29、动作之后，如： I have told them to_come again tomorrow. (2)在 see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v.-ing 形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to 的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如： I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。6v.-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。v-ing 形式：表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。不定式：作目的或结果状语。7v.-ing 形

30、式与过去分词的区别：(1)语态不同： v.-ing 形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说；精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页精品资料欢迎下载the inspired audience 受鼓舞的听众(2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：the changing world 正在变化的世界the changed world 已经变化了的世界8独立主格结构： 有时 v.-ing 和

31、过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词，和 v.-ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。独立主格中是使用v.-ing 还是过去分词， 则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注意：独立结构中的being 或 having been 常可省去，如：The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room. 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with 短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears r

32、olling down her cheeks. She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks. 非谓语的解题步骤或思路（1）先判断空格部分所需的是主句，从句还是非谓语动词。独立的句子，从句或非谓语独立的句子加句号，分号或破折号的话，后再加一个独立的句子。独立的句子，（逗号）有 and,but, so 等词加独立的句子。（2）再根据主句的主语，来判断主动或被动；（3）接下来再判断时态，（4）如果是否定的话，not 一定要放在非谓语的前面（5）一定不要忘记主语一致的原则，如果不一致的话，要把非谓语的独立主语加上。非谓语常见的位置，或在

33、句子中所担当的成分（1）非谓语动词短语，+ 主句或者是主句，非谓语动词短语这时的非谓语动词短语起到状语的作用例如：influenced by the growing interest in nature, more people enjoy outdaoor activities. 在这种情况下，首先,找出主句的主语，然后以主句的主语为出发点，来判断非谓语动词是主动还是被动，如果已有的非谓语动词的主语和主句主语不一致，还要考虑独立主格结构，也就是把非谓语动词的自己的主语加上去：例如：All flights having been cancelled , they decided to take

34、 the train. 其次 ,把非谓语动词和主句的动词比较，看是否同时发生还是有明显的先后。（2）跟在介词，动词或某些形容词的后面固定搭配只接动词 -ing 形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免put off 推迟keep 保持consider 考虑delay/ postpone 耽搁dislike 嫌恶resist 抵制mention 提及enjoy 喜欢escape 避免excuse 原谅practice 练习mind 介意fancy 想不到feel like 意欲finish 完成risk 冒险include 包括forgive 原

35、谅give up 放弃suggest 建议miss 逃过imagine 想象can t help 情不自禁involve 需要can t stand无法忍受understand 理解常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯be related to 与 有关get down to 着手做contribute to 贡献put one s mind to 全神贯注于give rise to 引起be equal to 胜任devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致be opposed to 反对look forward to 盼望object to 反对 stick

36、 to 坚持pay attention to 注意（3）介词后一定要加动词的-ing 形式；（4）跟在名词后面做定语时，一般不用having done/ having been done 结构（5）放在句首做主语， 一般用动词的ing 和 to do 特殊的非谓语短语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页精品资料欢迎下载Generally speaking 一般来说Considering . 考虑到，鉴于Time/weather permitting 时间、天气允许的话Taking into account 考虑到Tak

37、ing into consid eration 考虑到Provided 假如Providing假如Suppose 假如Supposing 假如Juding from/ by根据 判断Given sth 假如，如果；鉴于，考虑到Given that假如，如果；鉴于，考虑到1.The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having been produced 2 For breakfast he only drink

38、s juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm. A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow K 3.The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated 4. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ inform

39、ation in a more effective way. A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 5. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 6. not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airp

40、ort in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 7.In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 8When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. A.

41、 would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open 9At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future. A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered 10.Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it ea

42、sier for it . A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused 11.Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 12._ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Givin

43、g B. Having given C. To give D. Given 13.The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 14.The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked at

44、 B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at 15. Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ? A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take 16. We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding 17.I still remember to the Famen Temp

45、le and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 18.A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _all four people on board. A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill 19.With the governments aid, those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlemen

46、ts. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 20.Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold 21.David threatened his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting C.

47、to report D. having reported 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 8 页精品资料欢迎下载22.Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat 23. He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion A. to have B. having

48、 C. have D. had 24. _ many times, he finally understood it. A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told 25._ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A. Competing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete 26. _ by the advances in technology, many farmers have

49、set up wind farms on their land. A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged 27_and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. A. the; a B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired 28There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage di

50、fferent parts of the brain. A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating 29. Michaels new house is like a huge palace, _with his old one. A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared 30.With the world changing fast, we have something new with all by ourselves every day. A. deal