2022年高考英语阅读理解专案点拨 .pdf

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1、读书破万卷下笔如有神高考英语阅读理解专案点拨阅读理解主要考查的知识点 ：掌握主旨大意， 辨别主旨句与细节关系的能力。归纳全文信息，理解全篇信息间的逻辑关系并进行推理、判断的能力。深层理解，挖掘文章没有明确表达的意义的能力。数据推理，图形辨认，结合常识，理解主题的能力。 既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解和判断推理。较复杂的长难句的处理能力。重点复习 ：能读懂生词率不超过 3% 的文段（包括图表和常见标志） 。能把握所读材料的主要逻辑线索、时间和空间顺序。 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意。了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节。既理解个别句子的意义， 也可理解上下文之间的逻辑关系。

2、既能理解具体事实， 也能理解抽象概念。 既能理解字面意思，也能理解深层含义。 根据所读材料进行一定的判断、 推理和引申。能根据上下文理解作者的态度和观点，以及文章的弦外之音。 能根据上下文和中学生应有的常识判断生词的意义，并掌握各种题型的解题方法：主旨大意题主旨大意题在阅读理解测试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。此类题目一般不易直接找到答案， 最简单有效的方法是仔细研究文章开头的一、二句，因为他们经常是文章的主题句， 然后，快速浏览文章首句和结尾句。如果第一句的主题不明，可注意结尾段是否有概括总结，对选项要注意全面性和概括性。主题句的确定主题是文章要着重说明的一个问题，是文章的核心。 标题经常是表

3、现主题的点睛之笔， 要求考生选出合适的标题， 其目的是检查考生对主题的理解。主旨大意题属归纳概括题。找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。标题的选择选择标题属主旨大意题，是阅读理解题常考的题型之一，每年都有 1 3个小题。那么应该怎样选择文章的标题呢？标题确定题属深层理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的基础上， 认真分析主人公的特定心态、 文章大意及作者的写作意图。在此基础上，还应做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。概括性原则 ：要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容， 体现文章的主题要旨。 标题实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式，前面我们提到， 通精选学习资料 -

4、 - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神过寻找主题句，往往很容易确定短文的标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们仔细体会字里行间的意思，从整体上把握文章的主旨。 从全局的角度归纳概括出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。针对性原则 ：针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。 但如果标题过大， 就违背了针对性原则。 针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括， 而是要直接指向文章的主要特点。即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小，要量体裁衣，大小适度。醒目性原则 ：标题是

5、文章的点睛之笔， 是文章的灵魂和门面。 标题的好坏往往影响文章的可读性。 读者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍，故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇， 目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。所以在标题选择的过程中， 在满足概括性和针对性的条件下，还要考虑标题的醒目性。细节理解题一篇文章在确定主题之后， 通常要通过大量的事实和细节对主题进行解释和说明。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。文章的细节题有可能是直接理解题，如事物的起因、过程、结果及发生的时间、地点等。但多数情况下是间接理解题， 要求你在理解的基础上， 通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化、条理化。比如计算、排序、选图等题

6、。选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用同义的词语来表达。 做题时一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案。找到关键词后最好在下面划线，以便检查。排序题： 这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。图形辨认题：可采用“文字锁定法”， 找出描绘图形的句段， 按“文”索 “图” ，迅速锁定相关图形。数字换算题： 此类问题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算，得出正确的结论。 这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄

7、清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。通常采用的方法有“列表法” 、 “推算法”等。表格理解题： 可采用“首读题干法”、 “文表分析法”。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神快速寻找信息题： 一般为功能阅读，查字典、广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”。( 多出现在信息匹配题中 ) 同义（反义）转换题： 近年来高考中细节理解测试题已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对

8、英语语言的理解能力。寻找相关的同义或反义表述，是一种有效的方式。代词指代理解题：一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型， 所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用 “逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系条理化、简单化、明朗化。The new mayor of Hillsdale， Michigan， is a man of the people ， ready to listen to their problems，but only until 6 p.m. Then he has to do his homework. Michael Sessions ，18，beat

9、 former mayor Douglas Ingles ，51，by just two votes and became the new mayor of HillsdaleHe is Americas youngest mayor As Sessions was too young to enter the election in the spring of 2005，he registered- to vote on Sept 22，one day after his 18-year-old birthday The day after that he started his write

10、-in campaign ，which means he should persuade voters to remember his name and write it by hand on the voting ballots （选票） To help get his name known，Sessions earned 700 by selling apples over the summer He spent the money on posters and put them on the Hillsdales lawnsSessions month-long campaign inc

11、luded going door to door, explaining his ideas of the towns future in the kitchens of his neighbors Theyd look at me， and say How old are you again? How much experience do you have? And I sayIm still in high school ， he saidSessions promised Hillsdales voters he would renew local economy “I was hope

12、ful the whole time ， ”he explained One day he spent so long out on the streets knocking on the doors that he ended up in a hospital emergency roomSessions said that his schoolwork will not get in the way of his job as a mayor“From 7:50 a mto 2，30p. m ，I 11 be a studentFrom 3 to 6，I 11 be the mayor o

13、f Hillsdale，he said“He did a very brave thing that couldnt have been easy for him to do，said Jack Vettel，a councilman in Hillsdale，a city of 8,200 about 75 miles southwest. of DetroitHe does care about this town Hes been here all his life”Sessions will receive 3，600 a year during his four-year term,

14、 and will work out of his bedroom since the town does not provide the mayor with an office 56What is TRUE of Sessions election campaign according to the text?A. Sessions launched his election campaign on Sept22B. Sessions worked so hard that he once tried to persuade people in a hospitalC. Sessions

15、won the election campaign by a very close outcome精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神D. Sessions felt disappointed when asked about his age and experience57. In order to gain more support from the voters Sessions had to do all these things EXCEPT. A. put up posters B.

16、renew the economy C. sell apples D. talk to neighbors in kitchens 58What can we infer from the passage? A. American mayors usually work from 3 pmto 6 p. m. B. In America，young people are encouraged to get involved in politics C. All teenagers are allowed to enter political elections D. American mayo

17、rs receive a salary of 3 ，600 a year during their 4-year term 59Which of the following would best summarize the text? A. Schoolboy becomes Americans youngest mayor. B. How to become a teenage mayor C. Hard work is the ticket to success D. Never too young to shake the world Every spring scores of peo

18、ple flock to the Buzzard Festival at Hinckley，OhioThey come to watch for buzzards. Most would. be glad just to take a look at a buzzard If they do see one of these flying garbage cans ， it will probably be circling high in the sky From there it can watch the ground for signs of the waste and the dea

19、d animals on which it feeds The buzzard is the ugliest bird in the United States In fact，it may well be the ugliest bird. in the worldIt has a small ，bare，pink headIts thick body is covered with dark，rough feathers In spite of its looks， the buzzard is important to the people of Hinckley It is their

20、 first sign of springAfter a winter in the south，buzzards return to their homes in the north In, the Hinckley area， they always return on March 15. No one knows why But they have come back to Hinckley Ridge on that day, sure as clocks work ，for at least forty yearsThe excitement starts in February B

21、y the middle of March it has reached a high peakBets are placedPrizes go to the person who sees the first buzzardRadio stations and newspapers tell of the coming festival And on the weekend after March 15 the people of Hinckley hold their Buzzard FestivalThe people come and look around They chat The

22、y eat their fill of pancakes and sausages Then they drive past Buzzards Roost on Hinckley Ridge A lot of them stop near the road at the stand set up to give information to visitors There they can hear, from a recording ， the main facts about the buzzard They can see a stuffed buzzard They can look a

23、t some pictures taken of buzzards in other yearsWith good luck-and a strong pair of field glasses，they may sight one or two live buzzards high in the sky Buzzards may be ugly They may be flying garbage cans But in Hinckley they us just as welcome as the swallows are in Capistrano in California It wo

24、uld be a sad spring indeed if the buzzards ever failed to come back to Hinckley Ridge 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神60. A good title for this story would be A. The Hinckley Buzzard Festival B. Buzzard，the Ugliest Bird C. Why the Buzzard Has a Pink Head D. The Ret

25、urn of“The Garbage Can61The buzzard is called the flying garbage can because it A. is ugly B. eats waste and dead animals C. looks like a garbage can D. collect rubbish on the ground 62. The surprising thing about Hinckleys buzzards is that A. they spend the winter in the south B. they come very clo

26、se to the town C. they return on the same day each year D. both buzzards and swallows return to Capistrano on March 15 63. At the information stand，visitors to Hinckleys Buzzard Festival canA. learn some facts about the buzzard B. easily see a live buzzard C. take some pictures with the background o

27、f live buzzards D. feed their fill of pancakes and sausages to buzzards 词义猜测题猜测词义是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中必考的题型。 高考中常考的词一般为实词（动词、名词、 形容词等）。 就方法来说，主要根据上下文线索（through context clues）和构词法等来推断。推理判断题英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，而是要求阅读者根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义，这就是判断推理题。判断推理题在阅读测试中属于难题。判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。

28、判断推理题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上， 掌握文章的真正内涵。 要吃透文章的字面意思， 从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深。从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。要忠于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，预测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调， 揣摸作者的态度， 摸准逻辑发展的方向， 悟出作者的弦外之音。精选学习资料 -

29、 - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神细节推断题 ：要求根据语篇关系， 推断具体细节， 如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、 事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。因果推断题 ：要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。人物性格、态度及观点判断题 ：高考阅读测试中有些是考查对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、 言谈话语中流露的情绪、 性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。 做这一类题时一定要注意： 由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用

30、自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点；特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言， 以及表达感情、 态度观点的词语。 要特别注意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词； 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。预测想象推理题 ：有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇， 对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、 对比关系来叙述） ，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。写作意图推测题 ：此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。 作者一

31、般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象， 客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。After years of hearing drivers complain about scratches on their cars，Japans Nissan Motor Company has officially: announced the next big thinga paint that not only resists scratches and scrapes，but actually

32、repairs itself within a few daysThe new material，developed by Nippon Paint Company，contains an elastic rubbery-like resin(弹性树脂） that is able to heal minor marks caused by car wash equipment, parking lot encounters，road debris(石头碎片） or even on-purpose destructionThe automaker admits its results vary

33、depending on the temperature and the depth of the damage ， but adds this is the only paint like it in the world， and tests prove it works ， Minor scratches ， the most common type ， are said to slowly fade over about 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神a week And once t

34、heyre gone ，there is no trace that they were ever thereThe special paint is said to last for at least three years after it is first applied，but there is no word yet on whether more can be added after that periodNissan claims car washes are the worst offenders for this type of damage ，accounting for

35、at least 80 percent of all incidents But the complete auto-healing wont come. without scratching your walletThe vehicle maker notes the special paint adds about100 USto the price of a car It plans to use its new chemical mixture only on its X - Trail SUVs in Japan for now, as it looks for a more wid

36、espread presentation And while plans to offer the feature overseas havent been made yet，if its a hit there ，you can be almost sure market forces will drive it to these shores ，as well64. From the article，we can find that A. the paint has already been used on cars by now B. it beats other products of

37、 its kind in its lengthy effect C. car damage is mainly caused by scratches and scrapes D. marketing this paint in Europe is not under wallet 65. The paint used on cars can A .last 3 years before it is re-applied again B .fade only in a few days C. help to protect minor paint damage. D. reduce car s

38、crape incidents to 20 percent 66What does the underlined part refer to? A. certain models of Nissan B. name for one kind of paint C. somewhere in Japan D. a word standing for a car-dealer store 67. What can be inferred from the article? A. The paint was developed by Nissan Motor Company. B. The pain

39、t might work better in summer than in winter. C. The mark on the car could disappear as soon as the paint is applied. D. The paint is very popular in Japan. Happy April Fools Day. In celebration of the day, we have put together a list of some of the greatest hoaxes in history .They are the lies that

40、 have been designed for innocent people who are ready to believe them. INSTANT COLOR TV In 1962 there was only one TV channel in Sweden, and in broadcast in black and white. The stations technical expert, Kjell Stensson , appeared on the news to announce that thanks to a newly developed technology,

41、all viewers could now quickly and easily transform their existing sets to display color reception. All they had to do was pull a nylon stocking over their TV screen , and they would begin to see their 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神favorite shows in color. Reporte

42、dly , hundreds of thousands of people, were taken in. Actual color TV transmission only started to appear in Sweden on April 1,1970. SAN SERRIFFE In 1977 the British newspaper The Guardian published a special seven-page supplement( 增刊)in honor of the tenth anniversary of San Serriffe, a small republ

43、ic located in the Indian Ocean. A series of articles affectionately described the geography and culture of this unknown nation. The Guardian s phones rang all day as readers asked for more information about the beautiful holiday spot. Few noticed that everything about the island was made up. NIXON F

44、OR PRESIDENT In 1992 American National Public Radios Talk of the Nation program announced that Richard Nichard Nixon , in a surprise move ,was running for President again. His new campaign slogan was,“I didn t do anything wrong, and I wont do it again. ” Accompanying this announcement were audio cli

45、ps(片断 )of Nixon delivering his election speech. Listeners responded immediately to the announcement , flooding the show with calls expressing shock and anger. Only during the second half of the show did the host John Hockenberry reveal that the announcement was a practical joke, Nixon s voice was co

46、pied by comedian Rich Little. 68. Which of the following western countries is NOT mentioned in the text? A. India B. the UK C. the United States D. Sweden 69. Who worked as a host on the radio? A. Kjell Stensson B. Rich Little C. Richard Nixon D. John Hockenberry 70. When did the small republic San

47、Serriffe come into being? A.In 1962 B. In 1977 C. In 1992 D. Never 71. Where can we probably read this article? A. In an ad. B. In a magazine C. In a novel D. In a news report I have a friend who lives by a three-word philosophy: Seize the moment. Just possibly, she may be the wisest woman on this p

48、lanet. Too many people put off something that brings them joy just because they havent thought about it, dont have 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 10 页读书破万卷下笔如有神it on their schedule, didnt know it was coming or are too strict to depart from their routine. I can t count the times

49、 I called my sister and said,“How about going to lunch in half an hour?” She would gasp and stammer(结结巴巴地说 )，“I can t. I have clothes on the line. My hair id dirty. I wish I had known yesterday, I had a late breakfast, id looks like rain.”And my personal favorite response:“It s just Monday.”She died

50、 a few years ago. We never did have lunch together. From then on ,Ive tried to be a little more flexible. Life has a way of going faster as we get older. The days get shorter, and the list of promises made to ourselves gets longer. One morning, we awaken, and all have to show for our lives is repeti