2022年高中化学必备知识点归纳与总结6Summaryandsummaryofessentialknowledgepointsofseniorhighscho .pdf

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1、高中化学必备知识点归纳与总结6（Summary and summary of essential knowledge points of senior high school chemistry 6）Summary and summary of essential knowledge points for senior high school chemistry 6.txt Summary and summary of essential knowledge points of senior high school chemistry 6 Twenty-three. Regular knowl

2、edge induction 5. Substances that can react with polymers Derivatives of olefins, dienes, acetylene, styrene, olefins and dienes. 6. The substance that can react with silver mirror The reaction of silver mirror can occur in any molecule with aldehyde group (- CHO). (1) all aldehyde (RCHO); (2) formi

3、c acid, formic acid and formic acid ester; Note: the reaction can be made with the new Cu (OH) 2, except for the above substances, there are acid strong acid (such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, etc.), neutralization reaction occurs.

4、 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页7, with bromine reaction and the bromine fade or change material (I) organic 1. unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes and dienes, styrene, etc.); 2. derivatives of unsaturated hydrocarbons (enol, aldehyde, oleic acid, oleic acid, oleic ac

5、id, ester, oil, etc.) 3. petroleum products (cracking gas, cracking gas, cracking gasoline, etc.); 4. phenol and homologues (because it generated three bromine bromine with substituted phenols precipitation) 5. compounds containing aldehyde groups (two) inorganic 1. - 2 valence sulfur (H2S and sulfi

6、de); 2. + 4 valence sulfur (SO2, H2SO3 and sulfite); 3. + 2 valence iron: 6FeSO43Br2 = 2Fe2 (SO4) 32FeBr3 6fecl2 3br24fecl3 2febr3 变色2fei2 3br22febr3 2i2 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页4.zn 、mg等单质 如 mg br2 - H2O - MgBr2 (此外, 其中亦有 mg与 h + 、mg与 hbro 的反应) 5. 1 价的碘 ( 氢碘酸及碘化物 ) 变

7、色6.naoh 等强碱 : br2 2oh = = brbro h2o 7.agno3 8、能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色的物质(一) 有机不饱和烃 ( 烯烃、炔烃、二烯烃、苯乙烯等); 苯的同系物 ; 不饱和烃的衍生物 ( 烯醇、烯醛、烯酸、卤代烃、油酸、油酸盐、油酸酯等 ); 含醛基的有机物 ( 醛、甲酸、甲酸盐、甲酸某酯等); 石油产品 ( 裂解气、裂化气、裂化汽油等); 煤产品 ( 煤焦油 ); 天然橡胶 ( 聚异戊二烯 ). (二) 无机精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页2 价硫的化合物 (h2s 、氢硫酸、硫化

8、物 ); 4 价硫的化合物 (so2 、h2so3 及亚硫酸盐 ); 双氧水 (H2O2, 其中氧为 1 价) 9、最简式相同的有机物 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 1.ch: c2h2和 c6h6 2.ch2: 烯烃和环烷烃3.ch2o: 甲醛、乙酸、甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖h2no: 饱和一元醛 ( 或饱和一元酮 ) 与二倍于其碳原子数和饱和一元羧酸或酯 ; One example: acetaldehyde (C2H4O) and butyric acid and their isomers (C4H8O2) 10, isomers (several compounds have th

9、e same molecular formula, but have different structural formula) 1, alcohol ether CnH2n+2Ox 2 - keto aldehyde, alkylene oxide (cyclic ether) CnH2nO 3, carboxylic ester - hydroxy aldehyde CnH2nO2 4, amino acid nitro alkane 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页5, mono olefin naphthe

10、nic CnH2n 6 - CnH2n-2, dienes Alkynes 11. The substance and reaction condition that can substitute reaction 1. alkanes and halogen elements: halogen vapor, light; 2. homologues of benzene and benzene and halogen elements: Fe as catalyst; Concentrated nitric acid: water bath at 5060 degrees; concentr

11、ated sulfuric acid as catalyst Concentrated sulfuric acid: water bath at 7080 degrees centigrade; Hydrolysis of 3. halogenated hydrocarbons: aqueous solution of NaOH; Reaction of 4. alcohols with hydrogen halides: new hydrogen halide acids (acidic conditions); Hydrolysis of 5. esters: catalyzed by i

12、norganic acids or bases; 6. phenol and concentrated water (dehydration reaction of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid at 140 DEG C when it is replaced.) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页Twenty-four, use of water in the experiment 1.: Seal in the middle school chemistry exp

13、eriment, a small amount of white phosphorus bromine need water, filled with water storage jar, through the water cover, can be isolated from the air to prevent the escape of vapours and white phosphorus, keep it light in contrast; During the extremely volatile and toxic, it is smaller in water solub

14、ility, heavier than water, so the water can reduce the volatilization. 2. bath: phenolic resin preparation (boiling water bath); preparation of nitrobenzene (50 - 60 DEG C), hydrolysis of ethyl acetate (70 to 80 DEG C), hydrolysis of sucrose (70 to 80 DEG C), determination of potassium nitrate (solu

15、bility at room temperature to 100 DEG C) need to control the temperature of the thermometer; silver mirror the reaction with water bath heating can be. 3. water collection: drainage gas collection method can collect insoluble or insoluble gas, there are 02, H2, C2H4, C2H2, CH4, NO in middle school.

16、Some gases have a certain solubility in water, but they can add a substance in water to reduce their solubility, for example, the chlorine can be collected by the method of saturated salt water. 4. water washing: removal of soluble impurities in some insoluble gases by water washing, such as removal

17、 of N02 impurities in NO gas. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 8 页5.: can use some identification of material identification, in water density or different solubility such as: colorless liquid benzene, ethanol was three bottles of no label, the identification of water floating in

18、 the water is benzene, dissolved in water is ethanol, submerged under water is bromethyl. It can be distinguished by water solubility heat, such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate, only water can be used for identification. 6. leak detection: after the gas g

19、enerator is connected, the principle of thermal expansion and contraction is applied, and the water can be checked for leakage. Twenty-six. The general formula and main chemical properties of various organic compounds CnH2n+2 C - C only containing alkane bond and halogen substitution reaction, etc.,

20、 the thermal decomposition reaction with acid and alkali, bromine, Potassium Permanganate CnH2n olefin containing C=C bond and other halogen addition reaction, oxidation reaction, and Potassium Permanganate polymerization, addition polymerization CnH2n-2 C = C bond alkynes containing halogen and oth

21、er addition reaction, oxidation reaction, polymerization reaction with Potassium Permanganate The substitution reaction of benzene (aromatic hydrocarbon) CnH2n-6 with halogen, and the addition reaction with hydrogen and so on 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 8 页(toluene, ethylben

22、zene benzene homologues can be oxidized with Potassium Permanganate) Halogenated hydrocarbon: CnH2n+1X alcohol: CnH2n+1OH or CnH2n+2O: phenol met FeCl3 solution: CnH2nO CnH2nO2: Purple aldehyde carboxylic acid ester: CnH2nO2 W.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 8 页