2022年高中英语语法讲解与练习之名词性从句 .pdf

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1、高中英语语法讲解与练习之名词性从句高中英语语法之名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses） 。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组 , 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that （无任何词意） whether,if （ 均表示 “ 是否 ” 表明从句We heard the news that our team had won. 比较： whether 与 if 均为 "

2、是否 " 的意思。但在下列情况下，只可用whether：1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. whether 从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二. 主语从句1、作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whe

3、ther，if 和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever 以及连接副词how， when，where，why 等词引导。that 在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成

4、为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名词+ that 从句（ 2）It + be + 形容词+ that 从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that 从句（ 4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、 惋惜、 理应如此等语气时

5、，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 ”(should) +do” ，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that 2、第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will

6、 go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 21 页（7）Who the w

7、atch belongs to was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time. （9）What we need are good doctors. 小结 :（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever 等（ 2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外 ,如例 9 第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it 放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has

8、 made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we wont be ab

9、le to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work shou

10、ld be done with great care. （12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) （13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结 : （1)以 that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it 引导 . It is + 形容词 /名词 /某些动词ed + that 从句 .（2) 在有些 that 从句中要用虚拟语气(should+do/should+

11、have done) 例句 4,5,6,11. 3、主语从句的用法主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom 。例如：It is a pity that you didn t go to see the film. 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词从句It i

12、s a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is 形容词从句It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it 不及物动词从句It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is 过去分词从句It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。精选学习

13、资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 21 页(2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens , It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句

14、不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语 宾语表语， 而 that 则不然。 例如：What you said yesterday is right. 三、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动

15、词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that 引导的宾语从句由连接词that 引导宾语从句时，that 在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that 不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、or

16、der、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“ （should）+ 动词原形 ” 。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用 who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, wh

17、atever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外， whether 与 if 在作 “

18、 是否 ” 的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用 if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not ”时； e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？Everything depends on wh

19、ether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 21 页he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studie

20、d English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would 除外） ，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe

21、, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。6.时态： 1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。7.宾语从句的连接词从属连词：连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.that 引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而 if 和 whether 引导表示

22、“ 是否 ” 的宾语从句 . He told me that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词： 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等 .连接代词一般指疑问,

23、但 what, whatever 除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述 . Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词：连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,when

24、ever,wherever,however 等. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 8.动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members o

25、f their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的 . 部分 “ 动词 +副词 ” 结构也可以带宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?

26、 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 21 页动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure 确保make up ones mind 下决心keep in mind 牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it 代替的宾语从句动词 find,feel,consider,make,believe 等后面有宾语补足语

27、的时候,则需要用it 做形式宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置 . I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I haven t been to the get-together. 我没去聚会 ,感觉非常遗憾 . I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick de

28、cision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you

29、start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时 , 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 若宾语从句是wh-类 ,则不可用it 代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. 9.介词的宾语从句用 wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we adm

30、it students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6 号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用 that,if 引导的介词宾语从句有时候 except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that 引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的

31、新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知 . 10.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 11.

32、if,whether 在宾语从句中的区别 if 和 whether 在作 “ 是否 ” 解时 ,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out 等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词 ,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt 后的宾语从句常用whether.whether 后可以加or not,但是 if 不可以 . 在不定式前只能用whether.（如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 ）避免歧异时 ,我们常用whether 而不用 if. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归

33、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 21 页12.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 1.当 that 作 learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等动词的宾语时;2.当宾语从句较长时;3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词 )与宾语从句之间有插入语时;5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个 that 可以省略 ,第二个 that 不可以省略 ;6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that 或 this,that 做主语的定语时 ;7.当宾语从

34、句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时 ;8.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;9.当宾语从句有it 做其先行词时 ;10.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时. 13.宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess 等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致 . I dont think he will come to my party. 而不能说成I think he won t come to

35、 my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim 所杀的 ,是不是 ? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是 ? 14.宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发

36、生I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn t know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<< 老人与海 >>. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前He told me that he had told Mary about

37、 the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 当宾语从句的引导

38、词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时 ,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 四、表语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 21 页1、在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if 引导。其基本结构为：主

39、语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didn t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的， 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that 引导而不是because。例如： The

40、reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】 whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句。2、简介定义： A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么1 样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。The problem is puzzling. 这问题令人困惑主语连系动词形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以

41、得到加薪. 主语连系动词一个句子作表语- 表语从句B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的。She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一

42、直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁与我明天将前往北京。why he cried yesterday. 昨天他为什么哭。how

43、I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敌人正向我们行进. 注意：A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B 不可以用if，而用 whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外） 。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/wheth

44、er 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 21 页Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. C

45、 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. D that 在表语从句中不可以省掉。3、基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be 等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(h

46、ow 在表语从句中充当方式状语 )/ The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语 )/ What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。 (what 在主语从句中作直接宾语，that 作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略 )/ That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what 在表语从句中充当直接宾语)/ That is why she failed

47、to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) 注意：“That is why. ”是常用句型，意为 “ 这就是 的原因 /因此 ” ， 其中 why 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮， 这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne 对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。/ That is why I ca

48、me. 这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与 “That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与 “That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1) “ That is why.”与“ That is the reason why.”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“ That is the reason why.”中 why 引导的是 个定语从句，将其中的the reason 去掉则与 “That is why.”结构一样，例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2) “ That is because.”句型中从

49、属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为 “ 这就是为什么/因为 ” 。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于 “That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)

50、He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果) 五、同位语从句1、同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here （that 引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece ？（that 引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）2、