七年级英语专题（一）：语法串讲人教四年制.doc

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1、七年级英语专题一：语法串讲人教四年制【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：专题一：语法串讲二. 重点、难点现在完成时/被动语态/不定式三. 具体内容现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：一考查其构成“助动词havehas+动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如：1. Kates never seen Chinese films，_ ?A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she析：陈述句局部含否认词never，简略问句局部要用肯定式，又因Kates是Kate has的缩写，应选B。2. His uncle has already posted

2、the photos to him.改为否认句His uncle _ posted the photos to him _.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否认句、疑问句中，故填hasnt, yet。3. Ann has gone to Shanghai. So _her parents.A. has B. had C. did D. have析：“so+助/系/ 情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为her parents是复数，应选D。二考查其用法与标志词当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, befor

3、e等时，常用现在完成时。如：1. Mum, may I go out and play basketball? _you_ your homework yet?A. Do ; finish B. Are ; finishing C. Did ; finish D. Have ; finished2. _ you _anywhere before? Yes, but I cant remember where I_A. Did ; surf ; surfed B. Have ; surfed ; surfedC. Did ; surf ; have surfedD. Have ; surfed

4、; have surfed析：据yet和before可知，应用现在完成时，故1题选D，2题选B。当句中有“for +段时间或“since +点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，假设是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词短语。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _he came to Yunnan.A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是现在完成时，而从句用的是一般过去时，应选C。2. Tom _the CD player for two weeks. A. has

5、lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表“段时间的短语连用，应选D。3. I _a letter from him since he left.A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard析：据since可知，应排除A、C，“ hear from sb.=receive/get/ have a letter from sb. 意为“收到某人的来信，应选B。 三考查have/has beento, in/have/has g

6、oneto的区别。如：1. Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?Yes, I have.A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to析：据句中的have，排除A，B项意为“去某地了，C项意为“一直呆在某地，D项意为“去过某地，符合题意，应选D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析：此题句中有“for+段时间结构，据此可

7、排除C，B项意为“去过某地，不合题意，D项缺介词，应选A。四考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.改成正确的句子析：非延续性动词与“段时间连用时，除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外，还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型“Its +段时间+since+从句进行句子转换。故答案为：Suns aunt has been there for tenyears. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. / Its ten years since Suns aunt went there

8、.2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.改为同义句_more than ten years _Susan _to this city.析：据上题分析，且since引导的从句要用一般过去时，故填It is, since, came。3. I wont go to the concert because I _ my ticket.A. lost B. dont lose C. have lost D. is coming析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去，而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果，符合现在完成时所表示的含意，应选C

9、。被动语态英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者、被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。一被动语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was b

10、uilt last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Man

11、y more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike

12、 now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be +及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.二怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语

13、用作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far. Two novels have been written by him so far.4. They will plant

14、 ten trees tomorrow. Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now. A letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must lock the door when you leave. The door must be locked when you leave.三使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeare

15、d about 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when s

16、he passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语物作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket

17、 was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the

18、 sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.动词不定式一意义、形式和特征1. 根本概念和形式 动词不定式是一种非限定动词，由不定式记号to加动词原形所构成。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时也保存动词的特征2. 动词不定式的动词特征1如果动词不定式是及物的，须有宾语He wants to study Japanese。2动词不定式可以被状语来修饰The rain continued to fall heavily。3. 动词不定式有以下时态和语态的变化主动语态 被动语态一般式 to write to be w

19、ritten进行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written二用法：由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。两个或两个以上的动词不定并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往把to省略掉。1. 主语To talk with him is a great pleasure。To die for the people is a glorious death。动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用引导词it作语法上的主语上两句可以改为It is a great

20、 pleasure to talk with him。It is a glorious death to die for the people。下面是一些类似的例句：注意“It is +形容词+动词不定式短语是英语常见的一个句型。It is necessary to make a plan for this trip。It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend more time on it。2. 表语Her wish is to become a tractor and serve the people。serve

21、前省略了toOur plan is to finish the work in two weeks。Lei Fengs only desire was to be useful to the people and the country。三宾语：有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有want，wish，decide，help，learn，ask，begin，forget 等，动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语He wished to be a village school teacher in a mountain area。Do you like to watch football matc

22、hes？Learn to walk before you run。We decided to make changes in our plan。动词不定式也可以用来作某些形容词的宾语。这些形容词通常只有ready，eager，anxious。Able，sure，glad，sorry，afraid，free，pleased，determined，willing等The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate。Communism is sure to triumph over capitalism。How do you do？ I am g

23、lad to meet you。四定语：动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。He is always the first one to get up。I have a few words to say on this question。After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum，millet and corn。五状语：动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。1. 表示目的Early in 1938 he went to Beijing to study。To be a teacher of the peo

24、ple，one must first be their pupil。2. 表示结果 My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China。A few years later he came home to find that his home town had greatly changed六含有动词不定式的复合宾语 动词不定式可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。动词有ask。Order，persuade，advise，like，want，tell，know，help，call on等。Chairman Mao called on the whole

25、country to learn from Comrade Lei Feng。The children asked the old Red Armyman to tell them stories about the Red Army。The doctor advised him to take a good rest。在某些及物动词的复合宾语中，动词不定式须省掉to。动词有make，let，have，see，watch，hear，feel，listen to，look at等Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve Ch

26、ina。I heard him speak in the next room。1. 疑问代词+动词不定式who，what，which，when，where，how，why等后加动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可作主语、宾语、表语等。When to start has not been decided。The question is how to do the job well。He told me where to find the book。2. 动词不定式复合结构：“for + 名词或代词宾格+ 动词不定式在这种结构中的for本身无意义。名词或代词宾格形式上是for的宾格，但在意义上可以说

27、是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作以下成分1主语For us to study English is very important。在句中，for us 在意义上是to study English 的主语。这种结构作主语时，和简单的动词不定式结构一样，一般都用引导词 it 来代表并放在句首，“for + 名词 + 不定式那么放在句末。It is important for us to study English.It is necessary for us to learn from each other.2表语It is for you to decide.3宾语Can yo

28、u arrange for a car to take us there？4定语There is a lot of work for us to do.5状语They handed in their exercises just in time for the teacher to correct them.七动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系1. 动词不定式一般式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生I saw him go out. saw与 go out 同时发生2. 但在许多情况下，动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。I hope to see you again.The

29、 boy said he wanted to be a steel worker.3. 动词不定式完成式的用法：动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前，I am sorry to have kept you waiting。She seems to have read the book before。4. 动词不定式进行式的用法 动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生He seems to be recovering.When I came in, he happened to be lying on the bed, reading.5. 动词不定式的

30、被动语态 动词不定式有两种被动语态形式The next thing to be done is carry away the earth.Todays visit to the Ming Tombs has to be put off because of rain.What is to be done next?The book is said to have been put into English.6. 动词不定式的否认结构 动词不定式的否认结构由在不定式符号to之前加上not而成。He decided not to go home.The teacher warned the pup

31、ils not to go skating on thin ice.7. 接不定式的有以下动词afford, agree, ask, choose, decide, hope, learn, long, plan, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish + to do sth.接动名词的有以下动词finish, enjoy, practise, mind, dislike, keep, prevent, suggest, delay, escape, excuse, imagine, miss, advise + doing s

32、th.既可接动名词又可接不定式的有forget, remember, stop, mean, regret, try like1I forgot to post your letter. I forgot posting your letter.2I remember to return your book. I remember returning your book.3They stopped to read. They stopped reading.4I mean to do the job. Revolution means liberating the productive for

33、ces.5I regret to say I can not go with you. I regret wasting so much money.6You try to do the job well. You try doing the experiment in another way.使役动词有1. get/ have sth done 2. make/ let/ have sb do sth 3. get sb to do sth4. have/ get sb doing sth 5. cause sb to do sth. 6. leave sb to do sth【模拟试题】一

34、. 用动词的现在完成时形式或一般过去时形式完成下面的句子。1. We _livein Beijing from 1985 to 1994,but we _moveto Shanghai now.2. There is a great film at the cinema this week, _you/seeit ? Not this week , I _seeit in London last year .3. When we were kids , we _goto parks for our holidays , but I _notbeback there for years .4.

35、A：This is Mary , I do not think you _meether .B：Oh, yes ,we know each other well ,We_beat school together .5. A：I _tryto phone John , but he is not at home .B：How strange ! He_leavefor work an hour ago .二. 用括号中动词的正确形式填空。1. This is the nicest park I _see.2. Three of my friends _my town this yearleave

36、.3. I _three letters todaywrite.4. We _a lot of tests this term.have5. There _ an earthquake in the north .6. _you _ your homework ?do7. Oh , no ! I _my key.lose 8. China _ many medals in the Olympics.9. My mother _ a cake for my birthday.10. My young son _ a lot this summer.grow三. 用所给的词或词组填空。too ,

37、enough , someone , anyone , have been to , have gone to 1. _stole my purse when I was on the train .2. It is an easy job , _can do it .3. It was _ cold to go for a walk .4. I am sorry . I have not got _time to help you .5. Tom is not in the office . He _goto Beijing .6. Where _ you _? I have been to

38、 Shanghai .四. 对划线局部提问。1. They have learned German for 5 years .2. He visited China last year .3. We will not wait for her if she arrives late .4. We talked about the brochures last night .5. He has washed all these clothes .6. I have already heard from about 40 people now .7. I have been to Paris .五

39、. 用所给词或词组填空。since , for , so , used to , in spite of , could have left , must have slept , tell sb about , go , went 1. Francos father _be a farmer , but he is not now .2. I have been in La Sa _ last Friday .3. How long did he work there ? He worked there _three years .4. There was a lot of traffic

40、, _they were late .5. _the rain , she liked the trip .6. He can not find his key . He _it in the shop 7. There is no light in his room .He _now .8. He went on a trip to Beijing and he _me _the trip .9. How did the conference _? It _very well ,thanks .六. 被动语态。1. The cleaner cleans the room every day

41、.2. He stole his neighbours laptop .3. He contacted the police .4. I saw him load the van .5. The boss pays the staff on Fridays .七. 要求完成以下练习。1. They were at the match yesterday , _they .做反意疑问句2. Let us go to the cinema , _?做反意疑问句3. Tim said , “ I am waiting upstairs now 变间接引语4. “ Can I have a cup o

42、f tea ? She asked .变间接引语5. “ Who is in the restaurant ? he asked .变间接引语【试题答案】一.1. lived ; have moved 2. have you seen it ; saw 3. went ; havent been4. have met ; were 5. try ; left二. 1. have seen 2. will leave / left 3. have written 4. have had 5. is / was6. Have ; done 7. have lost 8. won 9. made 1

43、0. grew三. 1. Someone 2. anyone 3. too 4. enough 5. has gone to 6. have ; been四.1. How long have they learned German?2. Where did he visit?3. What wont you do if she arrives late?4. What did you talk about last night?5. Who has washed all these clothes?6. How many people have you already heard from?7

44、. Where have you been ?五. 1. used to 2. since 3. for 4. so 5. In spite of6. could have left 7. must have slept 8. told me about9. go ; went六.1. The room is cleaned by the cleaner every day.2. His neighbours laptop was stolen by him.3. The police were contacted by him.4. The van was seen to load by me. / He was seen to load the van . 5. The staff are paid by the boss on Fridays.七. 1. werent 2. will you 3. Tim said he was waiting upstairs then.4. She asked if she could have a cup of tea.5. He asked who was in the restaurant.