九年级上册英语语法练习情况总结复习资料要点.doc
|九年级上册英语语法复习要点一、时态复习1一般现在时概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构:be动词;行为动词否定形式:am/is/arenot; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesnt,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时还原行为动词。2一般过去时概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构:be动词;行为动词否定形式:was/were +not;在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。3现在进行时概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构:am/is/are + doing否定形式:am/is/are + not + doing.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。4过去进行时概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构:was/were + doing否定形式:was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。5现在完成时概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语:recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years, etc.基本结构:have/has + done否定形式:have/has + not +done.一般疑问句:have或has提前。6过去完成时概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本结构:had + done.否定形式:had + not + done.一般疑问句:had放于句首。7一般将来时概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构:am/is/are going to + do;will/shall + do.否定形式:am/is/are not going to + do;will/ shallnotdo。一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。8过去将来时概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。时间状语:the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构:was/were going to + do;would/should + do.否定形式:was/were not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。二、语态复习1英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。e.g.Many people speak English. 很多人说英语。谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。e.g.English is spoken by many people. 英语被很多人说。主语English是动词speak的承受者。主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。e.g.He opened the door. 他开了门。(主动句)The door was opened. 门被打开了。(被动句)2被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在几种常见时态中的构成。一般现在时:amisaretaught一般过去时:wasweretaught一般将来时:willshall betaught现在进行时:amisare beingtaught过去进行时:was/were beingtaught现在完成时:havehas beentaught歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。3被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。e.g.Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。e.g.The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。4主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。e.g.All the people laughed at him. 所有的人都嘲笑他。He was laughed at by all the people.They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂里生产自行车。The bikes are made by them in the factory.歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。5含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词be过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。e.g.We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.You ought to take it away.It ought to be taken away.They should do it at once.It should be done at once. 三、构词法1复合词英语中构成新词的方法很多,其中之一就是将两个独立的单词合在一起。我们把这种构词法称为“合成词构词法”。其实,我们目前已经学过很多通过合成方式构成的单词,如classmate,homework,basketball,football等等。另外,合成词构词法是一种十分活跃的构词方式,比如根据classmate很多同学都会联想到roommate,schoolmate,workmate,playmate等。合成的方式很多,常见的有:(1)名词+名词:一般来讲,构成的词还是名词,e.g.website,homework,basketball(2)副词+名词:可以构成形容词或副词,e.g.upstairs,downstairs都既可作形容词,也可以作副词(3)副词+动词:一般用来构成动词,e.g.download(4)名词+形容词:构成形容词,e.g.worldfamous,homesick(想家的)2前缀、后缀构词法加前、后缀是英语中最常见的扩充词汇的方式,也是学习英语必须掌握的构词法。比如,我们学会care,就能掌握careful,careless,carefully,carelessly。下面我们介绍几个常见的前、后缀。(1)re-表示“再”,如:rewrite,reuse,recycle(2)in(m)-表示“无,不”,如:incorrect,impossible,impolite(3)un-表示“不,无”,如:untrue,unhealthy,uncomfortable(4)dis-表示“不,无”,如:dishonest,disagree,disappear,dislike(5)anti-表示“反对,防止”,如:anti-pollution,anti-war(反战)(6)-able表示“可能,易于,适合于”,构成形容词,如:renewable,eatable(可吃的),lovable(可爱的),comfortable,movable(可移动的)(7)-ful表示“充满的,具有性质的”,构成形容词,如:helpful,hopeful,powerful,useful,careful,beautiful(8)-less与-ful相反,表示“少的,不足的”,构成形容词,如:helpless,hopeless,powerless,useless,careless四、定语从句1定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。2定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。本册书主要学习和掌握由关系代词引导的定语从句。3关系代词的用法(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。e.g.Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)(2)which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。e.g.The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)(3)who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。e.g.The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)注意:当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。e.g.This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。e.g.The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。(4)关系词只能用that的情况:先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which. e.g.He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which. e.g.Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which. e.g.This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which. e.g.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that. e.g.Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which. e.g.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:先行词为that, those时,用which,而不用that. e.g.Whats that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that. e.g.This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。五、冠词的用法冠词的用法归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:1冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the。2不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,e.g.an hour, an English car.请区别:a useful machine3指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the。4在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the。e.g.the sun ,the moon, the earth5定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。e.g.the first, the best, in the south6在复数姓氏前加the,表示“一家人”,常看成复数。e.g.The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7在介词短语中常用定冠词the。e.g.in the box, behind the chair8特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。e.g.in summer, in August请区别:in the spring of 1945 (这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。e.g.have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中。e.g.go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night9在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同。请注意区别:in front of 在前面in the front of 在范围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院in the hospital 在医院里六、主谓一致1主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致,主谓一致必须遵循三原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。(1)语法一致原则:指主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式。e.g.Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。They often play football on the playground.他们经常在操场上踢足球。(2)意义一致:指主语形式上为单数,但意义为复数,因此谓语动词用复数形式;或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义,这时谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.My family are having lunch now. 我们一家人现在正吃午饭。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。(3)就近一致:指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式,取决于最靠近它的主语。e.g.Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football. 不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。There is a pen and some books on the desk. 课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。2主谓一致常考题型(1)单数名词(代词),不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,复数名词(代词)作主语,谓语用复数形式。e.g.The desk is Toms.这张桌子是汤姆的。Some water is in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。The students are playing football on the playground.这些学生正在操场上踢足球。(2)“many a单数名词”作主语,意义虽为“许多”,但谓语要用单数形式。e.g.Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多学生到过上海。(3)“more than one单数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。e.g.More than one student has ever been to Beijing.不止一个学生曾经去过北京。(4)表示时间、价格、重量、数目、长度、数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。e.g.Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。Twenty pounds isnt so heavy.20英镑并不太重。Ten miles isnt a long distance.10英里并不是一段很长的距离。Five minus four is one.5减4等于1。(5)主语是“each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)单数名词”时,谓语动词用单数。e.g.Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。Every man and every woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作。(6)“one and a half复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.One and a half hours is enough.一个半小时足够了。(7)动词不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.To see is to believe.眼见为实。Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. 做眼保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。(8)“a/an单数名词or two”作主语,谓语动词用单数。e.g.A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。(9)当主语部分含有with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, except, but, like等介词或介词短语时,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。Mike, like his brother, enjoys playing football 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。(10)由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,一般用复数形式,但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人、事物,或概念时,谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下:a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词,指的是同一个人或物;a/the+单数名词+and + a/the+单数名词,指两个人或物。e.g.The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人) The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人) (11)people, police等集体名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,family, class, group, team等集体名词作主语,若指一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式,若指一个个具体成员时,谓语动词复数形式。e.g.People here are very friendly.这儿的人很友好。His family isnt large. 他家的人不多。My family all like watching TV.我们一家人都喜欢看电视。(12)不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主语,谓语动词用单数。e.g.Is everyone here today?今天大家到齐了吗?Something is wrong with him. 他有毛病。Nobody was in. 没有人在家。(13)each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语,谓语动词用单数。e.g.Each of them has an English dictionary. 他们每人都有一本英语词典。Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不正确。(14)以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义,谓语通常用单数形式。如:news, maths, physics等。e.g.No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。Maths is very popular in our class.在我们班数学很受欢迎。(15)由bothand连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;由or, eitheror,neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut, 连接两个名词或代词作主语时,根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。e.g.Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。Not only you but also he is going to see the film.不仅是你他也要去看电影。
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九年级上册英语语法复习要点
一、时态复习
1.一般现在时
概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①am/is/are+not; ②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don’t,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn’t,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时还原行为动词。
2.一般过去时
概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语:… ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①was/were +not;②在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
3.现在进行时
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本结构:am/is/are + doing
否定形式:am/is/are + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
4.过去进行时
概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构:was/were + doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
5.现在完成时
概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语:recently, lately, since…, for…, in the past few years, etc.
基本结构:have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +done.
一般疑问句:have或has提前。
6.过去完成时
概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本结构:had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑问句:had放于句首。
7.一般将来时
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:①am/is/are going to + do;②will/shall + do.
否定形式:①am/is/are not going to + do;②will/ shall+not+do。
一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
8.过去将来时
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构:①was/were going to + do;②would/should + do.
否定形式:①was/were not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
二、语态复习
1.英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。
e.g.Many people speak English. 很多人说英语。
谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。
e.g.English is spoken by many people. 英语被很多人说。
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。
e.g.He opened the door. 他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened. 门被打开了。(被动句)
2.被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在几种常见时态中的构成。
一般现在时:am/is/are+taught
一般过去时:was/were+taught
一般将来时:will/shall be+taught
现在进行时:am/is/are being+taught
过去进行时:was/were being+taught
现在完成时:have/has been+taught
歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。
3.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
e.g.Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
e.g.The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;
动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。
4.主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。
e.g.All the people laughed at him. 所有的人都嘲笑他。
→He was laughed at by all the people.
They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂里生产自行车。
→The bikes are made by them in the factory.
歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。
5.含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。
e.g.We can repair this watch in two days.→This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.→It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.→It should be done at once.
三、构词法
1.复合词
英语中构成新词的方法很多,其中之一就是将两个独立的单词合在一起。我们把这种构词法称为“合成词构词法”。其实,我们目前已经学过很多通过合成方式构成的单词,如classmate,homework,basketball,football等等。另外,合成词构词法是一种十分活跃的构词方式,比如根据classmate很多同学都会联想到roommate,schoolmate,workmate,playmate等。合成的方式很多,常见的有:
(1)名词+名词:一般来讲,构成的词还是名词,e.g.website,homework,basketball
(2)副词+名词:可以构成形容词或副词,e.g.upstairs,downstairs都既可作形容词,也可以作副词
(3)副词+动词:一般用来构成动词,e.g.download
(4)名词+形容词:构成形容词,e.g.world—famous,homesick(想家的)
2.前缀、后缀构词法
加前、后缀是英语中最常见的扩充词汇的方式,也是学习英语必须掌握的构词法。比如,我们学会care,就能掌握careful,careless,carefully,carelessly。下面我们介绍几个常见的前、后缀。
(1)re-表示“再”,如:rewrite,reuse,recycle
(2)in(m)-表示“无,不”,如:incorrect,impossible,impolite
(3)un-表示“不,无”,如:untrue,unhealthy,uncomfortable
(4)dis-表示“不,无”,如:dishonest,disagree,disappear,dislike
(5)anti-表示“反对,防止”,如:anti-pollution,anti-war(反战)
(6)-able表示“可能,易于,适合于”,构成形容词,如:renewable,eatable(可吃的),lovable(可爱的),comfortable,movable(可移动的)
(7)-ful表示“充满……的,具有……性质的”,构成形容词,如:helpful,hopeful,powerful,useful,careful,beautiful
(8)-less与-ful相反,表示“少的,不足的”,构成形容词,如:helpless,hopeless,powerless,useless,careless
四、定语从句
1.定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
2.定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。本册书主要学习和掌握由关系代词引导的定语从句。
3.关系代词的用法
(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
e.g.Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
(2)which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
e.g.The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
(3)who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。
e.g.The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:①当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
e.g.This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
②含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
e.g.This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
③that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
e.g.The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
①先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.
e.g.He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
②被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.
e.g.Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
③先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.
e.g.This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
④先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.
e.g.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
④以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.
e.g.Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
⑤主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.
e.g.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
①先行词为that, those时,用which,而不用that.
e.g.What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
②关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
e.g.This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
五、冠词的用法
冠词的用法归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:
1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the。
2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,e.g.an hour, an English car.
请区别:a useful machine
3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the。
4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the。e.g.the sun ,the moon, the earth
5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
e.g.the first, the best, in the south
6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示“一家人”,常看成复数。
e.g.The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the。
e.g.in the box, behind the chair
8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:
(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。
e.g.in summer, in August
请区别:in the spring of 1945 (这里表示特指,故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。e.g.have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定词组中。e.g.go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night
9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同。请注意区别:
in front of 在……前面
in the front of 在……范围内的前部
in hospital (生病)住院
in the hospital 在医院里
六、主谓一致
1.主谓一致三原则
主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致,主谓一致必须遵循三原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
(1)语法一致原则:指主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式。
e.g.Tom is a good student.
汤姆是个好学生。
They often play football on the playground.
他们经常在操场上踢足球。
(2)意义一致:指主语形式上为单数,但意义为复数,因此谓语动词用复数形式;或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义,这时谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.My family are having lunch now. 我们一家人现在正吃午饭。
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。
(3)就近一致:指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式,取决于最靠近它的主语。
e.g.Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2.主谓一致常考题型
(1)单数名词(代词),不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,复数名词(代词)作主语,谓语用复数形式。
e.g.The desk is Tom’s.这张桌子是汤姆的。
Some water is in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。
The students are playing football on the playground.这些学生正在操场上踢足球。
(2)“many a+单数名词”作主语,意义虽为“许多”,但谓语要用单数形式。
e.g.Many a student has been to Shanghai.
许多学生到过上海。
(3)“more than one+单数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。
e.g.More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
不止一个学生曾经去过北京。
(4)表示时间、价格、重量、数目、长度、数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。
e.g.Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。
Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy.20英镑并不太重。
Ten miles isn’t a long distance.10英里并不是一段很长的距离。
Five minus four is one.5减4等于1。
(5)主语是“each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词”时,谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。
Every man and every woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作。
(6)“one and a half+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.One and a half hours is enough.一个半小时足够了。
(7)动词不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. 做眼保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。
(8)“a/an+单数名词+or two”作主语,谓语动词用单数。
e.g.A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。
(9)当主语部分含有with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, except, but, like等介词或介词短语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。
Mike, like his brother, enjoys playing football 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。
(10)由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,一般用复数形式,但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人、事物,或概念时,谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下:a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词,指的是同一个人或物;a/the+单数名词+and + a/the+单数名词,指两个人或物。
e.g.The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
(11)people, police等集体名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,family, class, group, team等集体名词作主语,若指一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式,若指一个个具体成员时,谓语动词复数形式。
e.g.People here are very friendly.这儿的人很友好。
His family isn’t large. 他家的人不多。
My family all like watching TV.我们一家人都喜欢看电视。
(12)不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主语,谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Is everyone here today?今天大家到齐了吗?
Something is wrong with him. 他有毛病。
Nobody was in. 没有人在家。
(13)each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语,谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Each of them has an English dictionary. 他们每人都有一本英语词典。
Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不正确。
(14)以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义,谓语通常用单数形式。如:news, maths, physics等。
e.g.No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。
Maths is very popular in our class.在我们班数学很受欢迎。
(15)由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;由or, either…or…,neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, 连接两个名词或代词作主语时,根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。
e.g.Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。
Not only you but also he is going to see the film.不仅是你他也要去看电影。
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