初级中学英语总练习情况总结复习资料重要资料归纳.doc
-!初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词a/an的用法a用于辅音音素前ausefulbook,auniversity,a“u”,OnceaweekHave aswim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/resthaveacold/headache/fever/coughhaveagoodtimehaveatryinahurryafterawhilekeepadiarygoforawalkinaminuteinawordinashortwhilean则用于元音音素前anhour,anhonestboy,an“AEFHILMNORSX”keepaneyeon定冠词the的用法:1) 特指双方都明白的人或物:Givemethebook.2) 上文提到过的人或事:-Do youknowtheladyinblue?Yes,sheisateacherofauniversity.3) 指世上独一物二的事物thesun(sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe)4) 单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:thedollar美元;Thelionisawildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:Iliveonthesecondfloor.6) 用在表示身体部位的名词前:Shecaughtmebythearm.7) 用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前:SheplaysthepianoviolinguitarinthenorthofChina8) 用在普通名词构成专有名词前:thePeoplesRepublicofChinatheUnitedStatestheGreatWalltheSummerPalace9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:theGreensareplayingthepiano.10) intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),inthemiddle(of),intheend,allthetimeatthesametimeonthewhole,bytheway,gotothecinemaatheageofsixatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturyontheothersideofatthemomentthedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,不用定冠词的情况1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:China,Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词 Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。3)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;ChildrensDayMothersDayFathersDay4) 在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;Heiscaptainoftheteam.5) 在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:havebreakfast/supper/lunchplaybasketball/football/volleyball/chessinspring/summer/autumn/winter6) 当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;bybus/train/taxi/bus/ship7) DayandnightfacetofacesidebysidestepbystepwatchTVatschool/work/homeatfirst/lastindangerintroubleonfootondutyonwatchinbedontimeintimegotoschoolgotoworkbytaxi/bikeatnoonatnightonTVattown部分词组有无冠词的区别inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里infrontof在-的前面inthefrontof在-内部的前面gotoschool上学gototheschool到学校去anumberof=alotof许多,谓语动词用复数。Thenumberof-的数目,-的总数,谓语动词用单数(第三人称单数)名词:专有名词和普通名词(个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词)可数名词的单数变复数一般情况加s以s,xshch,等结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watches以o结尾的名词,无生命的加s,如:photo-photospiano-pianos有生命的es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes以f或fe结尾的名词,去f,fe加ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves(加s,如:belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs;)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加esbaby-babies不规则:a. 单复数形式一样。Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的。footfeet tooth-teethChild-childrenmouse-miceman-menwoman-womenbusinessman-businessmenGerman-Germanswomendoctors集体名词:People,police,(一般表示一个整体,谓用复数)class,family,glasses不可数名词:常见的不可数名词有:information,news,room(空间),work,work,weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meatAlittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,quitealotof常修饰不可数名词.不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Timeandmoneyare-A cupglassbottleboxkilogroupcrowdclasspair ofTwoandahalfkilosof=twokilosandahalfof名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateachersbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如theboysbag,mensroomChildrensDayMothersDayFathersDay2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加,如:TeachersDayladiesroomtwentyminuteswalk3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:The title of thesong歌的名字;Apictureoffamily;amapofChina4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarbers理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。JohnsandMarysroom(两间)JohnandMarysroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:amonthortwosabsence7)双重所有格afriendofmine/hers/his/theirsafriendofMarysmothers代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryourself(yourselves)hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称顺序you,he,she,I,we,you,they主格作主语;宾格作宾语,动词和介词之后通常作宾格;形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,通常放在名词之前;名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词,“of名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。Afriendofmine我的一位朋友;teacherofhers她的老师代词it的用法:指代前面提到过的事物。表天气。表距离。指婴儿和不明身份的人。-John,someoneinyourclassphonedyouthismorning.-Oh,whowasit?用作形式主语。Itskind/good/nice/clever/polite ofsb.todosth.Itsimportant/necessary/possible/easyforsbtodosth,Itstimetogetup.Itstimeforlunch.ItsonesturntodoItseemsthatIttakessb.sometimetodosth.用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+todosthItone的区别It特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物。one同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。反身代词构成规则:一、二物主,三为宾。运用:hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoyoneselfby/Help oneself(oneselves)to.Lookafteroneself/Saytooneself/Cometooneself、 不定代词little,alittle,few,afew=several(some),some,anymuch,toomuch,muchtoo,morethen=over,lessthan=nearlylittle,几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不可数名词。Alittle一点点,表示肯定,用以修饰不可数名词。Onlyalittle仅一点点.也可修饰形容词和副词。一点点,放在动词、动词宾语后。few几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词。afew=several几个,一些,表示肯定意思,用以修饰可数名词。some一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中,常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?any一些,任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中。much许多。修饰不可数名词,放在不可数名词前,可用alotof替换。toomuch太多的,用法相当于much,放在不可数名词前。Heathisveryimportanttous. Weshouldeatmorevegetablesand fruitinsteadoftoomuchrichfood.muchtoo太,用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。Keepquiet!Itsmuchtoonoisyhere.morethan超过,多于。=overmoreorless或多或少,差不多。=aboutatleast至少alot许多,修饰动词。Thanksalot.alotof=lotsof许多的,可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。anumberof许多的,=many只用于修饰复数形式名词,放在可数名词复数前。every用于三个或三个以上,着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有everytenminuetseach用于两个或两个以上,着眼于个体。词组有eachof either两个中任何一个either-or both两个都both-and-bothof-neither两个中一个也没有e.g.-Do youliketalkingwithyourfriendsonthetelephoneormobilephone?-Neither,IenjoyusingQQ.neither-nor-any三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none三个以上中一个也没有。Noneof-中没有一个,表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个,表否定,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。others表示“泛指”除自己外,别的人。Some.,others.theother表示两个中的另一个。One.,theother.theothers表示特指的另一些。another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词,表示“再,还要”的意思。other别的,另外的,一般后跟复数名词或ones,在other前可加some,many或数词,表示“几个,一些别的”Suchatallbuildingsuchanexcitingfootballmatchsomanypeopleeachother相互,彼此,指两个或两个物时 oneanother相互,彼此,指三者或三者以上的彼此。oneanothers相互的,彼此的。数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词3 1)基数词写法和读法:百位与十位,用and,十位与个位,写时用“”先确定分节号,从右至左,每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位thousand4 第二个分节号是千位million5 第三个分号节是十亿位billion.1,234,567,892onebilliontwohundredandthirty-fourmillionfivehundredandsixty-seventhousandeighthundredandninety-two2) 分数表示法构成:分子基,分母序,分子大于1时,分母在序数词后加S:1/2ahalf1/3one-third;2/3twothirds3/4threequarters=threefourths2-3/4twoandthreefourths3) 表示年代,用in+the+数词复数;inthe1980s(20世纪80年代)4)表某人几岁时:in+物主代词+数词的复数形式inonestwenties5)HelivesinRom88.Oneplustwoisthree.Threetimesfiveisfifteen.6) hundred,thousand,million等词前有具体的数字时,不能加S如threehundreds这种说法是错误的7)hundredsofthousandsofmillionsof8)a21-year-oldgirlthreedaysandahalf=threeandahalfdaysoneandahalfhours=onehourandahalfwellhavetwoweeksholiday(two-weekholiday)9)(基数词变序数词的口诀)一、二、三特别记,th从四以上记;怎么加很容易,八减t,九减e;f来把ve替,见y变ie;若是遇到几十几,变换个位就可以。One-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfive-fiftheight-eighthnine-ninthtwelvetwelfththirteen-thirteenthfifteen-fifteentheighteen-eighteenthtwenty-twentiethtwenty-one-twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortiethfiftyfiftiethsixty-sixtiethseventy-seventietheighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st形容和副词修饰something,anything,everything,anybody等不定代词的形容词,形容词要放在不定代词之后。IhaveSomethingimportanttotellyou.enough修饰形容词、副词时,enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Farenoughinteresting,exciting,boring,amazing,surprising,moving主语为物。Interested,excited,amazed,surprised,frightened,tired,pleased主语为人。Much,far,a lot,a little,even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级。Ifellevenworsenow.5 连系动词be,感官动词(look,smell,taste,sound,feel)三个变(get,become,turn,)keep后跟形容词.既可作形容词又可作副词的词有:hard作形容词=difficult,作副词,放在work,rain等后,表努力地做。well作形容词身体好;作副词,做得好。long作形容词,表事物的长度,作副词,放在last,talk等后,表动作持续。Fast作作形容,放在系动词后,作副词放在rain,makesth.等词后,表“做得快”。High作形容词“山,海浪的高。作副词,放在fly,jump等后表飞得高,跳得高。5、 形容词变为副词+lyuseful,wide,strong改y为i,再加lyhealthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,goodwellterrible-terriblyprobable-probably4 多数以ly结尾的词是副词。但friendly,lonely,lovely,likely,daily,lively是形容词。5 ChinaislargerthananyothercountyinAsia.(同一范围内)ChinaislargerthananycountyinAfirca.(不同范围内)6 howmany对可数名词数量的提问。Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?Howmuch对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。Howlong多久,多长时间。回答常用:for+段时间since+点时间。Howsoon多快,多久以后。回答常用:in+段时间Howoften多长时间一次,提问频率。回答常用:once(twice)aweek,threetimesaday,oftenHowfar多远,对距离提问。回答常用:fifteenminuteswalk,10metersaway形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:原级:as+原级+asnotas/so+原级+as=反义词+thanEnglishisasinterestingasChinese.Mr.ZhangisntasoldasMr.Li.=Mr.ZhangisyoungerthanMr.Li.比较级的标志词than,Lilysbagisbiggerthanhers.much,far,alittle,even,nexttimewhich/who-A,B?Whichismorebeautiful,Tom,Jim?the+比较级-,the+比较级-Themorewegettogether,thehappierwellbe.比较级+and+比较级(多音节词和部分双音节词用moreandmore+原级)越来越harderandharder,ourhometownisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.最高级标志词:the+最高级+of/inShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.Oneofthe+最高级+名词复数ZhouJiekunisoneofthemostpopularsingers.Which/who-+最高级,A,BorC?Whocityisthemostbeautiful,Beijing,ShanghaiorKunming?序数词+最高级,表“第几最-”ChangjiangisthefirstlongestriverinChina.thesecondlargestpopulation形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则(略)不规则:good/well-better-bestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstmany/much-more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther较远-farthestfar-further(进一步)-furthesttired-moretired-themosttired(right,tired,glad.pleased.real)动词的时态祈使句祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。1)祈使句否定在句首加Dont:Dontmove.Dontbelate.2)Lets-shallwe?letushim-willyou/wontyou?感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它Howlovelythebabyis!What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其它What acleverboyheis!What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其它Whatwonderfulideas(wehave)!What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它Whatcoldweatheritis!反意疑问句1) 陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,too-to等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?2) 陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)疑问部分常用dont+主语(didnt+主语)。Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,dontwe?3) 陈述部分的谓语是usedto时,疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didnthe?/usednthe?4) 陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadntyou?Youdbetterreaditbyyourself,hadntyou?5)陈述部分由neithernor,eitheror连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?6)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。Everythingisready,isntit?7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:a.并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldnthe?b.带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didnthe?c.上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idontthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,cantshe?8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,dontthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)9)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用willyou。Dontdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/wontyou?注意:Lets开头的祈使句,后用shallwe?Letsgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句,后用willyou?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?10)陈述部分是therebe结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isntthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?11)否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isntit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?并列句and和,并且,workhard,andyoucanpasstheexam.but但是heisrichbutheisnothappy.Or否则,要不然,或者(在否定句中表和)Hurryup,oryoullbelate.so因此,所以Katewasillsoshedidntgotoschool.For因为Ihavetostayuplate,forIhavealotofworktodo.状语从句当状语从句的引导词为If,when,before,after,until,assoonas等,主句和从句有下列情况:英语句子中如果一看到Thought-but-;because-so-这种结构,就是错误.倒装句so+助动词BE动词情态动词+另一主语,表示后者与前者一致。so+上句主语+助动词BE动词情态动词,真的,确实如此。TomwatchedTVlastnight,sodidAnn.TomdidntwatchTVlastnight.NeitherdidAnn.-Youveleftthelighton.-SoIhave.Illgoandturnitoff.宾语从句?从句用陈述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。A主现从不限;B主过从过;C真金不怕火炼。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.常见的宾语从句。Shesaysthat-Ihope/think/feel/wonder-eg.Iwonderifhewilljoinusinthediscussiontonight.Couldyoutell/showme-eg.lmewheretheteachersofficeis?Doyouknow-eg.DoyouknowwhereMr.Lilives?Pleasetellme-Sheaskedme-Idont know-eg.IdontknowwhetherTomwillgoornot.定语从句that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。(1) 先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,Much等不定代词时。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.(2) 先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。Ivereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.(4) 先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.
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初中英语总复习知识点归纳
冠词
a/an的用法
a用于辅音音素前
ausefulbook,auniversity,a“u”,Onceaweek
Have aswim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest
haveacold/headache/fever/cough
haveagoodtimehaveatryinahurry
afterawhilekeepadiarygoforawalkinaminute
inawordinashortwhile
an则用于元音音素前
anhour,anhonestboy,an“AEFHILMNORSX”
keepaneyeon
定冠词the的用法:
1) 特指双方都明白的人或物:Givemethebook.
2) 上文提到过的人或事:
-Do youknowtheladyinblue?
–Yes,sheisateacherofauniversity.
3) 指世上独一物二的事物
thesun(sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe)
4) 单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:thedollar美元;
Thelionisawildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible
5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:
Iliveonthesecondfloor.
6) 用在表示身体部位的名词前:Shecaughtmebythearm.
7) 用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前:
Sheplaysthepiano\violin\guitarinthenorthofChina
8) 用在普通名词构成专有名词前:
thePeoplesRepublicofChinatheUnitedStatestheGreatWalltheSummerPalace
9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
theGreensareplayingthepiano.
10) intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),
inthemiddle(of),intheend,allthetimeatthesametime
onthewhole,bytheway,gotothecinemaatheageofsixatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturyontheothersideof
atthemomentthedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)
inthedark,intherain,
不用定冠词的情况
1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:China,Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋
2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词 Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。
3)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
Children’sDayMother’sDayFather’sDay
4) 在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;Heiscaptainoftheteam.
5) 在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:
havebreakfast/supper/lunch
playbasketball/football/volleyball/chess
inspring/summer/autumn/winter
6) 当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;
bybus/train/taxi/bus/ship
7) Dayandnightfacetofacesidebyside
stepbystepwatchTVatschool/work/home
atfirst/lastindangerintroubleonfootonduty
onwatchinbedontimeintimegotoschool
gotoworkbytaxi/bikeatnoonatnightonTVattown
部分词组有无冠词的区别
inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里
infrontof在-的前面inthefrontof在-内部的前面gotoschool上学gototheschool到学校去anumberof=alotof许多,谓语动词用复数。
Thenumberof----的数目,----的总数,谓语动词用单数(第三人称单数)
名词:专有名词和普通名词(个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词)
可数名词的单数变复数
①一般情况加s
②以s,xshch,等结尾的词加-es
bus-buseswatch-watches
③以o结尾的名词,
无生命的加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianos
有生命的es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes
均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes
④以f或fe结尾的名词,去f,fe加ves,
如:half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaves
wolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves
(加s,如:belief---beliefsroof---roofssafe---safesgulf---gulfs;)
⑤以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加esbaby---babies
⑥不规则:
a. 单复数形式一样。
Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousers
b.其他的。
foot—feet tooth---teethChild-children
mouse---miceman---menwoman---womenbusinessman---businessmen
German---Germanswomendoctors
集体名词:People,police,(一般表示一个整体,谓用复数)
class,family,glasses
不可数名词:常见的不可数名词有:information,news,room(空间),work,work,
weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meat
①Alittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,quitealotof常修饰不可数名词.
②不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
③如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Timeandmoneyare-
④A cup\glass\bottle\box\kilo\group\crowd\class\pair of
Twoandahalfkilosof=twokilosandahalfof
名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加"s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateachersbook。
名词所有格的规则如下:
1)单数名词词尾加"s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"’s",如theboysbag,mensroomChildren’sDayMother’sDayFather’sDay
2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"",如:
Teachers’Dayladies’roomtwentyminutes’walk
3) 凡不能加"s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:
The title of thesong歌的名字;
Apictureoffamily;amapofChina
4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarbers理发店。
5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示"分别有";只有一个s,则表示共有。JohnsandMarysroom(两间)JohnandMarysroom(一间)
6)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:amonthortwosabsence
7)双重所有格afriendofmine/hers/his/theirs
afriendofMary’smother’s
代词
1、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
I—me—my—mine—myselfyou—you—your—yourself(yourselves)
he—him—his—his—himselfshe—her—her—hers—herself
it—it—its—its—itselfwe—us—our—ours—ourselves
they—them—their—theirs—themselves
人称顺序you,he,she,I,we,you,they
主格作主语;宾格作宾语,动词和介词之后通常作宾格;形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,通常放在名词之前;名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,“of+名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。Afriendofmine我的一位朋友;teacherofhers她的老师
代词it的用法:
①指代前面提到过的事物。②表天气。③表距离。④指婴儿和不明身份的人。
---John,someoneinyourclassphonedyouthismorning.
---Oh,whowasit?
⑤用作形式主语。
It’skind/good/nice/clever/polite ofsb.todosth.
It’simportant/necessary/possible/easyforsbtodosth,
It’stimetogetup.
It’stimeforlunch.
It’sone’sturntodo
Itseemsthat
Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.
⑥用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+todosthItone的区别
It特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物。one同类而不同一。
that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。
反身代词
构成规则:一、二物主,三为宾。
运用:
hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoyoneself
by/Help oneself(oneselves)to....
Lookafteroneself/Saytooneself/Cometooneself
2、 不定代词
little,alittle,few,afew=several(some),some,anymuch,toomuch,muchtoo,morethen=over,lessthan=nearly
little,几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不可数名词。
Alittle①一点点,表示肯定,用以修饰不可数名词。Onlyalittle仅一点点.
②也可修饰形容词和副词。③一点点,放在动词、动词宾语后。
few几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词。
afew=several几个,一些,表示肯定意思,用以修饰可数名词。
some一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中,常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?
any一些,任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中。
much许多。修饰不可数名词,放在不可数名词前,可用alotof替换。
toomuch太多的,用法相当于much,放在不可数名词前。Heathisveryimportanttous. Weshouldeatmorevegetablesand fruitinsteadoftoomuchrichfood.
muchtoo太,用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。
Keepquiet!It’smuchtoonoisyhere.
morethan超过,多于。=over
moreorless或多或少,差不多。=aboutatleast至少
alot许多,修饰动词。Thanksalot.
alotof=lotsof许多的,可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
anumberof许多的,=many只用于修饰复数形式名词,放在可数名词复数前。
every用于三个或三个以上,着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有everytenminuets
each用于两个或两个以上,着眼于个体。
词组有eachof either两个中任何一个either-or both两个都
both-and-bothof-
neither两个中一个也没有
e.g.-Do youliketalkingwithyourfriendsonthetelephoneor
mobilephone?
---Neither,IenjoyusingQQ.
neither---nor---
any三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部
none三个以上中一个也没有。
Noneof---中没有一个,表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个,表否定,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
others表示“泛指”除自己外,别的人。Some...,others...
theother表示两个中的另一个。One...,theother....
theothers表示特指的另一些。
another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词,表示“再,还要”的意思。
other别的,另外的,一般后跟复数名词或ones,在other前可加some,many或数词,表示“几个,一些别的”
Suchatallbuildingsuchanexcitingfootballmatchsomanypeople
eachother相互,彼此,指两个或两个物时 oneanother相互,彼此,指三者或三者以上的彼此。oneanother’s相互的,彼此的。
数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词和序数词
3 1)基数词写法和读法:①百位与十位,用and,十位与个位,写时用“—”②先确定分节号,从右至左,每隔三位数是一个分节号。③第一个分节号是千位thousand
4 第二个分节号是千位million
5 第三个分号节是十亿位billion.
1,234,567,892onebilliontwohundredandthirty-fourmillion
fivehundredandsixty-seventhousandeighthundredandninety-two
2) 分数表示法构成:分子基,分母序,分子大于1时,分母在序数词后加S:
1/2ahalf1/3one-third;2/3twothirds
3/4threequarters=threefourths2-3/4twoandthreefourths
3) 表示"年代",用in+the+数词复数;inthe1980s(20世纪80年代)
4)表某人几岁时:in+物主代词+数词的复数形式inone’stwenties
5)HelivesinRom88.
Oneplustwoisthree.Threetimesfiveisfifteen.
6) hundred,thousand,million等词前有具体的数字时,不能加S
如threehundreds这种说法是错误的
7)hundredsofthousandsofmillionsof
8)a21-year-oldgirl
threedaysandahalf=threeandahalfdays
oneandahalfhours=onehourandahalf
we’llhavetwoweeks’holiday(two-weekholiday)
9)(基数词变序数词的口诀)
一、二、三特别记,th从四以上记;怎么加很容易,八减t,九减e;f来把ve替,
见y变ie;若是遇到几十几,变换个位就可以。
One-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfive-fiftheight-eighth
nine-ninthtwelve–twelfththirteen-thirteenth
fifteen-fifteentheighteen-eighteenthtwenty-twentieth
twenty-one---twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortieth
fifty–fiftiethsixty-sixtiethseventy-seventieth
eighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth
序数词的缩写形式:first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st
形容和副词
①修饰something,anything,everything,anybody等不定代词的形容词,形容词要放在不定代词之后。IhaveSomethingimportanttotellyou.
②enough修饰形容词、副词时,enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Farenough
③interesting,exciting,boring,amazing,surprising,moving主语为物。Interested,excited,amazed,surprised,frightened,tired,pleased主语为人。
④Much,far,a lot,a little,even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级。
Ifellevenworsenow.
5 连系动词be,感官动词(look,smell,taste,sound,feel)三个变(get,become,turn,)keep后跟形容词.
⑥既可作形容词又可作副词的词有:
hard作形容词=difficult,作副词,放在work,rain等后,表努力地做。
well作形容词身体好;作副词,做得好。
long作形容词,表事物的长度,作副词,放在last,talk等后,表动作持续。
Fast作作形容,放在系动词后,作副词放在rain,makesth.等词后,表“做得快”。
High作形容词“山,海浪的高。作副词,放在fly,jump等后表飞得高,跳得高。
5、 形容词变为副词①+lyuseful,wide,strong
②改y为i,再加lyhealthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,
③good——wellterrible---terriblyprobable---probably
4 多数以ly结尾的词是副词。
但friendly,lonely,lovely,likely,daily,lively是形容词。
5 ChinaislargerthananyothercountyinAsia.(同一范围内)ChinaislargerthananycountyinAfirca.(不同范围内)
6 howmany对可数名词数量的提问。
Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?Howmuch对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。
Howlong多久,多长时间。回答常用:for+段时间since+点时间。Howsoon多快,多久以后。回答常用:in+段时间
Howoften多长时间一次,提问频率。
回答常用:once(twice)aweek,threetimesaday,often
Howfar多远,对距离提问。
回答常用:fifteenminutes’walk,10metersaway
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:
原级:as+原级+asnotas/so+原级+as=反义词+than
EnglishisasinterestingasChinese.
Mr.Zhangisn’tasoldasMr.Li.
=Mr.ZhangisyoungerthanMr.Li.
比较级的标志词
①than,Lily’sbagisbiggerthanhers.
②much,far,alittle,even,nexttime
③which/who----A,B?Whichismorebeautiful,Tom,Jim?
④the+比较级----,the+比较级----
Themorewegettogether,thehappierwe’llbe.
⑤比较级+and+比较级(多音节词和部分双音节词用moreandmore+原级)越来越harderandharder,ourhometownisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.最高级标志词:①the+最高级+of/in
ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.
②Oneofthe+最高级+名词复数
ZhouJiekunisoneofthemostpopularsingers.
③Which/who----+最高级,A,BorC?
Whocityisthemostbeautiful,Beijing,ShanghaiorKunming?
④序数词+最高级,表“第几最----”
ChangjiangisthefirstlongestriverinChina.
thesecondlargestpopulation
形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则(略)
不规则:good/well-better-bestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst
many/much-more-mostlittle-less-least
far-farther较远-farthestfar-further(进一步)-furthest
tired-moretired-themosttired(right,tired,glad.pleased.real)动词的时态
祈使句祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
1)祈使句否定在句首加Dont:Dontmove.Dontbelate.
2)Let’s------shallwe?
letus\him-----willyou/wontyou?感叹句
How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它Howlovelythebabyis!
What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其它
What acleverboyheis!What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其它
Whatwonderfulideas(wehave)!
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它
Whatcoldweatheritis!反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分用
no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,too-to等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?
2) 陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)
疑问部分常用dont+主语(didnt+主语)。
Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,dontwe?
3) 陈述部分的谓语是usedto时,疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt+主语。
Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didnthe?/usednthe?
4) 陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadntyou?
Youdbetterreaditbyyourself,hadntyou?
5)陈述部分由neither„nor,either„or连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?
6)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。
Everythingisready,isntit?
7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a.并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldnthe?
b.带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?
HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didnthe?
c.上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
Idontthinkheisbright,ishe?
Webelieveshecandoitbetter,cantshe?
8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
Everyoneknowstheanswer,dontthey?(doeshe?)
Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)
9)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用willyou。
Dontdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/wontyou?
注意:Lets开头的祈使句,后用shallwe?
Letsgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?
Letus开头的祈使句,后用willyou?
Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?
10)陈述部分是"therebe"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isntthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?
11)否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
Itisimpossible,isntit?
Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?
并列句
and和,并且,
workhard,andyoucanpasstheexam.
but但是heisrichbutheisnothappy.
Or否则,要不然,或者(在否定句中表和)Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.
so因此,所以Katewasillsoshedidn’tgotoschool.
For因为
Ihavetostayuplate,forIhavealotofworktodo.状语从句
当状语从句的引导词为If,when,before,after,until,assoonas等,主句和从句有下列情况:
英语句子中如果一看到Thought----but----;because----so---这种结构,就是错误.
倒装句
so+助动词\BE动词\情态动词+另一主语,表示后者与前者一致。
so+上句主语+助动词\BE动词\情态动词,真的,确实如此。
TomwatchedTVlastnight,sodidAnn.
Tomdidn’twatchTVlastnight.NeitherdidAnn.
---You’veleftthelighton.
---SoIhave.I’llgoandturnitoff.宾语从句
?从句用陈述句语序。
?主句与从句的关系。
A.主现从不限;B.主过从过;
C.真金不怕火炼。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.
③常见的宾语从句。Shesaysthat----
Ihope/think/feel/wonder----
eg.Iwonderifhewilljoinusinthediscussiontonight.
Couldyoutell/showme---
eg.lmewheretheteacher’sofficeis?
Doyouknow----
eg.DoyouknowwhereMr.Lilives?
Pleasetellme---Sheaskedme---
Idon’t know-eg.Idon’tknowwhetherTomwillgoornot.定语从句
that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。
(1) 先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,Much等不定代词时。
Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.
(2) 先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。
I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.
(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.
(4) 先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。
Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.
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