初级中学英语语法学习知识精讲精练.doc

*- 初中英语语法知识精讲精练：动词 　　(一) 知识概要 　　动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。① 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。② 语态：主动语态与被动语态。③ 助动词和情态动词。④ 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。 　　一般现在时：主要有以下三方面，① 用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如：The earth moves around the sun② 表示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9 ③ 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there Ill telephone you. 　　一般过去时：①主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，如：I was ill last week. ② 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如I used to get up at six. 　　一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式① 用ｗill (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作或状态，如：School will begin on September 1st ② 用be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如：Im going to swim this afternoon ③ be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：Im coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④ 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 　　现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，情感的某些词没有现在进行时，这些动词有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect… 　　过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如： He told me he would come to my party. 　　现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是： 　　①　用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：Ive studied English for two years. ② 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在，如：I havent had my breakfast. so Im hungry now? 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在，而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如：I havent seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadnt seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes 语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语，如：The window was broken by me 被动语态主要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来，如：The New building was built last week 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词，在被动语态要还原，如： 主动语态 I saw him come in.被动语态 He was seen to come in. 助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义，它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词，形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句，否定句，以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。 最后要谈论的是非谓语动词，非谓语动词分为不定式，和动词的ing形式，(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围，这一项不是语法重点，但还是要花一定时间去学习，为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如：To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film 还可以作补足语，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作状语，如：I come here to learn English.动名词也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语) 　　Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语) 　　 (二) 例题解析 　　 1.Mr. Zhang asked me ＿＿＿ the words again. 　　A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading 　　［答案］ C. 　 ［析］ ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。 　　 2.You ＿＿＿ play on the road. Its dangerous. 　　A. mustnt B. may C. can D. must 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。 　　3.Mr. Brown ＿＿＿ in Beijing since 1993. 　　A. work　B. works　C. worked　D. has worked 　　［答案］ D. 　 ［析］ 句中有since引导的时间状语，因此句中要用完成时态。 　　 4.I ＿＿＿ a letter when my mother came in. 　　A. write　B. am writing　C. was writing　D. will write 　　［答案］ C. 　　［析］ 当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作，而写信是一个长动作，所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态，表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。 　　 5.Its not an important party, you neednt ＿＿＿ . 　　A. pay for it　B. wear it out　C. try it out　D. dress up for it 　　［答案］ D. ［析］ pay for-为某物，某人付款，wear out-穿坏，磨破，tryout-选拔，挑选，而dress up-梳妆打扮。 　　 6.Can I ＿＿＿ a bike from him? 　　A. lend　B. return　C. give　D. borrow 　 ［答案］ D. 　 ［析］ borrow something from…为向某人某处借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介词应用to。 　　 7.- Must I stay at home? 　　- No, you ＿＿＿ . 　　A. mustnt　B. neednt　C. may not　D. can not 　［答案］ B. ［析］ neednt 为"没有必要必须做某事"，而mustnt为"禁止做"，can not为"不能做"。根据题意是：你不一定待在家里。 　　8 - How long have you ＿＿＿ here? 　　- About two months. 　　A. been　B. gone　C. come　D. arrived 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ have been here是个状态，可以与后面的长时间状语连接，而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。 　　9. Stamps ＿＿＿ by people for sending letters. 　　A. use　B. using　C. used　D. are used 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ 这里是被动语态，意为邮票被人们用来发信。 　　10 The radio says Tianjin will be ＿＿＿ tomorrow. 　　A. rains　B. rain　C. rained　D. rainy 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ rainy为形容词作表语。 　　11. If you dont know this word, ＿＿＿ in the dictionary. 　　A. look for it　B. look at it　C. look after it　D. look it up 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ look up 查字典，与look有关的词组有： 　　look about 四周环视 look after 照顾 look around 周围，四处看 　　look at 看 look back 回顾　look for 寻找 　　look forward to 期待　look out 当心　look like 看上去像 　　12. My father told me ＿＿＿ play on the street. 　　A. not　B. to not　C. not to　D. did not 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ 不定式的否定式是not to do something. 　　13. There is going to ＿＿＿ an English party this evening. 　　A. be　B. has　C. have　D. is 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ 这里是there be 无生命的"有"加助动词的句型，即there will be,而没有there have 的句型。 　　14. There ＿＿＿ no bus stop here last year. 　　A. is　B. was　C. are　D. were 　　［答案］ B. 　 ［析］ last year为去年，所以用过去时。而there be 句型的单复数要看be动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk. 　　15. Our school will hold a sports meeting if it ＿＿＿ tomorrow. 　　A. isnt rain　B. rains　C. wont rain　D. doesnt rain 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ 在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。 　　16. Bikes mustnt ＿＿＿ everywhere. 　　A. be put　B. be putted　C. put　D. putting 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ 这里是被动语态。与put有关的词组如下： 　　put away 放好 put off 推迟 put on 穿上 put out 扑灭 put down 放下 　　17. Neither Li Lei nor Han Meimei ＿＿＿ Harbin. 　　A. have been to　B. has been to　C. have gone to　D. has gone to 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　［析］ has been to 是去过某处。 　　18. Its cold today youd better ＿＿＿ more coats. 　　A. put on　B. take off　C. to put on　D. to take off 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ d better 其后加不带to的不定式，而put on 为"穿上"。 　　19. Henry ＿＿＿ a birthday card for Sam yesterday. 　　A. has bought　B. buys　C. bought　D. will buy 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ 因句中的yesterday为表达过去的时间状语，所以应用过去时态。? 　　20. When I got to the factory, the workers ＿＿＿ about the film. 　　A. are talking　B. talked　C. were talking　D. have talked 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ 状语从句中所用的动词为过去时，则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作，所以要用过去进行时。? 　　21. No hurry, please ＿＿＿ your time. 　　A. take　B. bring　C. carry　　D. catch 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ take ones time 慢慢来别着急。? 　　22. I enjoy ＿＿＿ the light music. 　　A. to listen to　B. listening to　C. hearing　D. to hear 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ enjoy 与 finish其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。 　　23. Please ＿＿＿ as soon as you get there. 　　A. ring me up　B. ring up me　C. wake me up　D. wake up me 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ ring up打电话，而wake up唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时，一定要放在动词与介词之间。? 　　24. When I ＿＿＿ , I want to be a teacher. 　　A. grows up　B. grow up　C. shall grow　D. grew up 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ grow up 长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来，即使主句也用的是一般现在时，但它含有将来之意。 　　25. I called him and he ＿＿＿ to have a talk with me. 　　A. stop　B. stops　C. stoped　D. stopped 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ 这是由and连接的两个并列句，所以时态应保持一致。 　　26? - Would you please ＿＿＿ me an eraser, Lucy? 　　?- Certainly. Here you are. 　　A. borrow　B. lend　C. borrowed　D. lent 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ would you please其后接不带to的不定式即动词原形，而borrow为"借入"而lend为"借出"。 　　27. Trees ＿＿＿ in spring. 　　A. plant　B. were planted　C. should be planted　D. should plant 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　［析］ should用于一般现在时态中表示应该，而此句又是被动语态。 　　28? - Wheres your father? 　　- He ＿＿＿ to Paris. 　　A. go　B. goes　C. went　D. has gone 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ has gone 是已去某处了，不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。 　　29. - Must I finish my homework in class now? 　　- No, you ＿＿＿ . You can do it at home. 　　A. mustnt　B. may not　C. neednt　D. can 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ neednt表示没有必要一定要这样做。由must提问，肯定句用must，否定句用neednt.? 　　30. Thank you very much for ＿＿＿ your book ＿＿＿ me. 　　A. lending, to　B. lent, to　C. borrow, from　D. borrowing ,from 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ for是介词，要用动名词作介词宾语。 　　31. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ＿＿＿ the earth away. 　　A. blowing　B. blow　C. blows　D. to blow 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ stop…from doing something. 阻止某人或某物作某事。 　　32 The students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike, if it ＿＿＿ fine tomorrow. 　　A. will be　B. is　C. shall be　D. was 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　33. Our teacher always tells us ＿＿＿ in the street. Its too dangerous. 　　A. dont play　B. not to play　C. to play　D. not play 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ 不定式的否定式为not to do。 　　34. English is a useful language. It ＿＿＿ widely in the world. 　　A. is spoken　B. was spoken　C. can speak　D. will speak 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ 本句为被动语态。 　　35. The kite is flying high in the sky. It ＿＿＿ a bird. 　　A. looks at　B. looks like　C. looks for　D. looks after 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ look like 像……，其中like 为介词。 　　36. - Look! Whats Wang Ping doing over there? 　　- She ＿＿＿ under a big tree. 　　A. sings　B. sang　C. has sung　D. is singing 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　37. You ＿＿＿ see a doctor. Youve got a bad cold. 　　A. will　B. are going to　C. had better　D. could 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ had better 最好，意为一种真心的劝告。? 　　38. Your radio is too loud. Would you please ＿＿＿ ? 　　A. turn down it　B. turn it down　C. to turn down it　D. to turn it down 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ would you please 后面加动词原形。? 　　39. Could you tell me if it ＿＿＿ tomorrow? 　　A. rains　B. is raining　C. will rain　D. rain 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ if从句是宾语从句，而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时，而不能用一般现在时表示将来。 　　40. Suddenly one of the bags ＿＿＿ the truck and landed in the middle of the road. 　　A. fell out　B. fell down　C. fell off　D. will be 　　? ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ fall off 掉落，与off有关的词组有? see off 送行 give off 散发 shut off 关闭 kick off 踢掉 turn off 关闭 get off 下车 jump off 跳下 show of 炫耀 take off 脱下 pay off 付清 　　41. He ＿＿＿ at this school since two years ago. 　　A. was　B. has been　C. is　D. will be 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ since引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。 　　42. She doesnt know ＿＿＿ . 　　A. when to do B. what to do　C. how to do　D. where to do 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ when, how, where均为疑问副词，而what为疑问代词，又因do是及物动词需要宾语。如用疑问副词时应为when to do it, how to do it, where to do it. 　　43 Must older people ＿＿＿ to politely. 　　A. speak　B. spoken　C. be spoke　D. be spoken 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ 这句话的主动语态应为People must speak politely to older people?对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。 　　44. Teachers usually ask their students ＿＿＿ loudly in class. 　　A. to speak　B. speak　C. speaks　D. spoke 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。? 　　45. - Where is Mr. Zhang? 　　- Look! He ＿＿＿ on a big machine over there. 　　A. works　B. worked　C. is working　D. has worked 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ 由look, listen等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。 　　46. Theres a football match. Please ＿＿＿ the TV at once. Lets watch together. 　　A. turn on　B. take off　C. turn off　D. go on 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ turn on 打开。与turn有关的词组有： turn against 背叛 turn on 打开 turn +颜色 变为某种颜色 turn off 关闭 turn over 翻转 turn to 翻到某页 turn into 变为 turn up 向上翻 　　47. Please tell me where ＿＿＿ have our picnic tomorrow. 　　A. we will　B. will we　C. will　D. will you 　　 ［答案］ A. 　　 ［析］ where 引导的从句是宾语从句，而不是状语从句。 　　48 We ＿＿＿ English for three years already. And we can speak a little English now. 　　A. learn　B. have learned　C. has learned　D. will learn 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ for+表示一段长度的时间词，应与完成时相呼应。 　　49. At last, Lin Feng made the baby ＿＿＿ and begin to laugh. 　　A. stop to cry　B. stop crying　C. to stop to cry　D. to stop crying 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ make somebody do (or doing) something, stop doing 意为停止做某事。 　　50 Our classroom must ＿＿＿ clean every day. 　　A. keep　B. to keep　C. be kept　D. to be kept 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ 应为被动语态。 　　51. I hear there ＿＿＿ a sports meeting in our school next week.? 　　A. is going to have　B. will have?　C. is going to be　D. are going to be 　　 ［答案］ C. 　 ［析］ 这是hear 的宾语从句是there be 句型。而且是用了be going to形式。 　　52. Its getting colder, Peter. Youd better ＿＿＿ this coat with you. 　　A. bring　B. carry　C. take　D. get 　　 ［答案］ C. 　　 ［析］ bring 带来，take 带走。 　　?53? Our classroom is clean and tidy. It ＿＿＿ every day. 　　A. cleans　B. is cleaning　C. cleaned　D. is cleaned 　　 ［答案］ D. 　　 ［析］ 这里表达的是经常的一种状态，所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。 　　54. If you are not careful in the street, a car may ＿＿＿ you. 　　A. hurt　B. hit　C. run　D. catch 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ hit撞上，碰上，击中 　　55 The farmers were busy ＿＿＿ ready for the next year. 　　A. got　B. getting　C. to get　D. get 　　 ［答案］ B. 　　 ［析］ be busy后应用动词的ing形式。 　　(三) 正误辨析 　　 ［误］ She laid down and soon fell asleep. 　　 ［正］ She lay down and soon fell asleep. 　　 ［析］ 考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放，lie躺，lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下： 　　 lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物动词) 　　 lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物动词) 　　 lie (说谎) lied， lied， lying 　　 ［误］ Please rise your hand. 　　 ［正］ Please raise your hand. ［析］ rise 是不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物动词。 　　 ［误］ I like to swim very much, but I dont like swimming this afternoon. 　　 ［正］ I like swimming very much, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 　　 ［析］ like作为"喜欢"讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。? 但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me?? 再有一点要注意的是，like作为介词"像"讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。 　　 ［误］ Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice? 　　 ［正］ Stop! Did you hear a strange voice? 　　 ［析］ hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同，look重于"看"的倾向，而see重于看见没看见。 　　 ［误］ Did you watch some film recently? 　　 ［正］ Did you see some film recently? 　　 ［析］ 英语中see 与 watch 各有不同的用处，see用于看电影、剧目，而watch用作看电视和看球赛。 　　 ［误］ Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. 　　 ［正］ Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. 　　 ［析］ hang有两个含义，① "挂"，它的过去时与过去分词是hung， hung;② "绞刑"，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为hanged， hanged。 　　 ［误］ How long can I borrow this book? 　　 ［正］ How long can I keep this book? 　　 ［析］ "借"在英文中有三个词，① 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library② 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep, 因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词，而keep是延续性动词。如 How long can I keep it 　　 ［误］ We have won your class. 　　 ［正］ We have beaten your class. 　　 ［析］ win是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语，应是人、队、班级等等，如：We won the game. 　　 ［误］ I left my key. 　　 ［正］ I forgot my key. 　　 ［正］ I left my key at home. 　　 ［析］ leave是"丢下"，其后一定要接地点状语，而forget其后不要接地点状语。 　　 ［误］ Oh! Its raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you. 　　 ［正］ Oh! Its raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you. 　　 ［析］ bring为"带来"如：Next time bring your little sister here.而take为"带走"，fetch为"去某处取什么回来"，如：Please fetch some coffee for us?? 要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组，如：? take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下?take off 脱下 take…out 拿出 take place 发生? take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加 take a seat 坐下take ones place 替代 take a look 看看 take ones turn 轮流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 别着急?take ones time 慢慢来 take ones temperature 测量体温 　　 ［误］ The policeman reached his gun. 　　 ［正］ The policeman reached for his gun. 　　 ［析］ reach作"到达"讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 8∶30?但作"伸手去拿"，则要用reach for something。作为"到达"讲时还有arrive (in+大地方)(at＋较小的地方)和get to.要注意的是与get有关的词组有： get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车? get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达 get ready for=be ready for ? get on well with 与人相处融洽 get 加比较级为变得如何，例如： get colder and colder. 　　 ［误］ This dictionary spent me five dollars. 　　 ［正］ This dictionary cost me five dollars. 　　 ［析］ 英文中的"花费"有4个spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 与pay所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dollars for the book.而cost与take的主语则是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book. 　　 ［误］ In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. 　　 ［正