医学考博英语规范文本35篇.doc

*- 药物滥用 Over-utilization of Pharmaceuticals In the area of antibiotics alone, the most prominent problem has been the over-utilization of drugs. The Center for Disease Control, for instance, estimates that 1/3 of the antibiotics taken on an outpatient basis in the United States are unnecessary. Increasing use of antibiotics is linked to the increase of their resistance by bacteria; in the United States, 14,000 people die each year from drug-resistant infections picked up in hospitals. In terms of healthcare costs, the rising use of pharmaceuticals has profound consequences. From 1993 to 1998, for instance, annual drug expenditures in the U.S. nearly doubled from $50.6 billion to $93.4 billion, most of the expenses being borne by third-party payors. Total spending on prescription drugs doubled from 1995 to 2000 and tripled from 1990 to 2000, constituting one of the main factors driving up health care expenditures overall. Eat less to live longer If there were a drug that helped one live a long life, almost everybody would buy it. Indeed there is such a drug. It is moderate eating. Some scientists have proved this by experiments on 200 monkeys on eating less. However why is it so? Here is a discussion.First, it relieves the gastric system of burdens of too much protein and fat. The burden may resides in intestines and gives way to toxin and ** substances. The substances harm the CNS and accelerate aging.Second, it prevents brain metabolic disorder caused by satiety. Satiety multiplies some cells that induce ~ and shorten supply of oxygen, and blood to the cortex, which in turn shorten one’s lifetime.Third, Satiety damages cells, which accelerates aging process. This is caused by too many free radicals that damage, cause ** etc and quicken aging.Fourth, long term satiety results in obesity, diabetes,** etc. Actually, there were some theories and therapies on moderate eating, which should be advocated today. To conclude, for our health and longevity, please eat less. 1. Reduction of Students’ Study Load Facing huge amount of homework, frequent exams and ambitious expectations of their parents, Chinese primary and middle school students now grow up under heavy pressures. This has time and again triggered (触发) the nationwide discussion on whether or not we should reduce the students’ study load. Some people strongly advocate that we should reduce the students’ study load. They hold that, first, it deprives children of their free time and the golden, cheerful childhood which they deserve. As a result, everyday they rush to school with heavier and heavier bags and return home with endless homework. Sometimes they even have to burn the midnight oil. Moreover, all their weekends and vacations are occupied with make-up lessons. Second, heavy study load has seriously affected their physical and psychological health.(影响身心健康) To illustrate, more and more students are either wearing glassed or suffering from nervous disorder. Occasionally it even can lead to the occurrence of tragedies. However, others hesitate about it and they prefer to stick to the old practice rather than to reduce students’ study load. They believe that only hard work can earn a bright future for children. They also believe only those who study hard under much study load can get rewarded by finding an ideal job in the cut-throat competition. Besides, they think it’s just a waste of time for students to idle around. The fact that more children were drowned this summer might result from the reduction of study load. My suggestion is that we should moderately (适当) reduce students’ study load. What is more, as heavy study load is the by-product of the existing exam-oriented system,（应试教育） we should reform the exam assessment system. （考试评估系统）Only in this way can we completely solve the problem. 2. Shopping on the Net Nowadays Internet is revolutionizing our globe and greatly facilitating (使方便) our modern life. As a matter of fact, we can do almost everything on the Net. To illustrate, we can conduct E-business, advertise our products, book an air ticket, buy and sell stocks, even hunt a job on the Web. Recently, shopping on the Net is gradually becoming popular in modern cities. However, people take different attitudes towards the new way of shopping. Some people who prefer shopping on the virtual shopping centers （网上购物中心）or the e-commerce portals (网站), hold that the new way of shopping has many advantages. First, the web-stores can keep customers updated about （使现代化）the best selling products. Besides, they can provide customers with a wider range of choices. Most important of all, it is very convenient and time-saving. People can stay at home shopping whatever they want online. However, others who stick to shopping in the real-life stores have their reasons. First, they argue that though time-saving, it’s a little bit complicated to pay on the Web. Besides, they think that customers can never rest assured of (使仍然相信) the quality of the commodities unless they see them with their own eyes. Finally, they believe the best way to be on guard (警惕) against the fake（假货） and poor quality commodities is to shop in the traditional way. Therefore, they don’t show any interest in shopping online. However, more and more people will prefer shopping on the Web. And it’s believe that it will eventually be an irresistible trend of shopping in the 21st century. 3. China’s Foreign Investment China’s foreign investment has increased continually in the past 20 years. It’s reported that China has approved more than 350,000 foreign funded firms with total contractual of US$ 641.7 billion. Undoubtedly the use of foreign capital has greatly driven our economy. It has helped to create many economic miracles such as Zhuhai and Shenzhen. Although great changes have taken place in China partially due to the foreign investment, yet, as a developing country, China still proves to be a great target for foreign capital. And there’s still potential for overseas entrepreneurs and foreign investors in many aspects. To illustrate, they can still invest in agriculture, water conservation, energy, telecommunications, raw materials or invest in environment protection, IT industry newly arising high-tech industry, esp. in western regions. As is well known, absorbing foreign capital is important to our country’s growth, but how to attract more of it to push forward an all-round multilevel and broader opening up. I think two factors are most important. On the one hand, we should work out more favorable policies and adopt a series of incentives (诱因) to lure more foreign capital. On the other hand, we should further improve our soft investment environment. Only in this way can we lure more foreign capital and push our door open wider. 4. The Positive and Negative Aspects of Exams and the Existing Examination System As everything has two sides, the existing examination system is not all bad. It certainly has many positive aspects. To begin with, exam is an effective means to assess students’ knowledge and proficiency and to evaluate teachers’ teaching level. Besides, it can help students find out their strong and weak points in learning and make their knowledge permanent. Most important of all, it’s often served as a motive to drive students to study hard and get well prepared academically for the future competition. However, it’s often blamed for its obvious defects. First, exams are always over-stressed as the aim of both learning and teaching. Thus the exam system is often blamed for the formation of the traditional exam-oriented education system. Second, exams are always associated with promotion to a higher grade or admittance to college. Therefore, they are heavily responsible for the present exam-assessment system. Finally, because the system leads to student’s heavy study load and it mainly produces students with high scores and poor abilities, it’s always the target of criticism and focus of reform. In a word, the disadvantages do outweigh the advantages. It’s urgent to reform the existing examination system in the new century. 5. Does the New Tuition Policy Keep Students Away? Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an increasing number of students, who passed the University Entrance Examination have got into new anxiety of college tuition and fees. Under the heavy financial pressure and much psychological stress, those outstanding students, esp. those poverty-stricken students（贫困学生） and those from families with laid-off parents, who were never beaten down by fate, now seem to be defeated by the crushing tuition burden (千钧重负). Indeed they really got stuck by the financial problem. Therefore, many people complain that some poor students can’t afford to pay the college tuition and fees and the new tuition system keeps poverty-stricken students away from college. How can suck (吸取)time out of the part-time jobs and manage to pass all the exams in college? They hold that college students should enjoy some favorable policies of tuitions so as to be able to concentrate on their studies and free from all the worries about their pockets, and that poverty should never be a hurdle (栏) to the growth of promising students. However, in my opinion, the new tuition system does add much difficulties to the poor students but it will never keeps them away from college. First, in carrying out the new tuition system, the government should provide some special policy for poor students. In addition, they are entitled to take a loan from banks or do some part-time jobs during their spare time, such as weekends and holidays. Finally, they can try to win scholarship by additional efforts. In short, man proposes(计划), and God disposes（决定）. No one will be kept out of college due to financial burden unless his is defeated by his own self. 6. Families Are Not As Close As Before Along with the development of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that families are not as close as before. To my mind, this is one of the side-effects brought about by this modern world. There are a number of reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, some customs and traditions, which are handed down from generation to generation, have changed with the changes of people life style and attitude. These customs and traditions once played an important role in bringing families together. For instance, science and technology have greatly changed the ways people communicate with each other, which are fast, fashionable but lack affection. Without modern facilities like computer and telephone, people used to get in touch with each other by writing letters by hand or meeting each other frequently, which are full of more human touch than mechanical contact. Secondly, in this bustling (熙熙攘攘) modern world in which material gains are much valued, people are attaching less importance to emotion and therefore are growing more and more isolated and indifferent to even family members. This is a sort of social illness that is hard to cure. Thirdly, some people are just too occupied to spare time for their family. And lastly, the loose relation of the older generation gives a negative impact on the younger generation who might follow suit in treating the family relationship. Regarding these reasons, I think there some ways to bring families closer. The most important approach is through education. Parents should not only set a good example but also instill into their children from their childhood the sense of kinship and the sense of responsibility so that they may form some good habits like writing letters, visiting great-parents now and then. Secondly, all family members should try to squeeze some time for family activities such as a family party or a dinner together. In fact, there are many other factors that account for this problem and correspondingly there are other ways to bring families closer. Here I have only explored a few of them. With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system. In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows. First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents. For example, it may provide many privileges for them. Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their construct of curriculum. They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability. They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development. Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society. In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system. If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition. So we must reform our graduate education system. (219 words) 1. Television Program and Their Effect on children Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child. The beneficial television programs are mainly those that educate the young. There are often specials on animal life. A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphabet, and that encourages him or her to be creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category. On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possibly harden the child to violence. Thoug