2022年托福口语TPO第四题答案 .pdf

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1、Tpo 1 T4 business management groupthink Attempt Conform Consensus Delay Inevitable Ultimately Groupthink is that individuals in the group give up their own opinions and have to agree with the idea which the group seems prefer although it would be wrong. Professor gives his own example to demonstrate

2、 the concept. He worked at a computer company. And he suggested to change the outlook of their computer. At first half of the colleges agreed his idea but after the senior manager gave an opposite opinion, nobody insisted on the change except him. Because the college was afraid the disagreement with

3、 the senior manager would affect his promotion. In the end, the professor began to doubt his idea and voted against his own will. Finally, group s unchanging decision was proved wrong. Tpo3 T4 sociology cognitive dissonance Discomfort Contradictory Interpretation Minimize Cognitive dissonance is tha

4、t when people s actions are different from people s beliefs, they feel uncomfortable about the contradiction then they would change the way they think instead of act to get an illusion they donthave the problem. Professor gave a negative example about his contradiction between playing computer game

5、and working hard in chemistry. At first, he believed if he wanted a good career, he should do well in every subject. But he was a game addict and his chemistry was very bad. Since he couldn t stop playing games, he ended the conflict by changing the perspective: he didn t need to be good at all the

6、subjects but the ones relevant to his career. so he made himself believe bad performance in chemistry would influence his goal to be a sociologist. Tpo4 T4 psychology - verbal and nonverbal communication Utter Unconsciously Enhance Convincing Contort Smash 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - -

7、- - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - Professor demonstrates two examples in his family to explain the relation with communication verbal and nonverbal and the effects. First example is that when his uncle gave him a surprise visit, he greeted him with both warm words and

8、hearty laugh. His eyes were broad and broke into a big laugh and jumped up and down like a boy. Those facial express emphasized the information he wanted to deliver. Second example is that his thumb was hurt by a hammer when he taught his daughter how to use hammer and nails. Although he was very pa

9、inful, he didn t want to scare his daughter so he kept saying he was ok but his body language betrayed his true feeling: shaking hand, trembling voice. Tpo5 T4 marketing - Target marketing Advertiser Trend Effective Potential Target marketing is to make special commercial to a certain group of custo

10、mers. That s an effective way to transfer the information and stimulate customers to buy the product. The example given by professor is about cell phone commercial. Company made different commercials for different customers. For young people, the commercial was put during the pop music show usually

11、for kids. It presented more features about color, time with friends. For business people, commercial was showed more its business features like dealing with many things in an efficient way and saving money. Actually they are the same cell phone. Tpo 6 T4 psychology explicit memories and implicit mem

12、ories Intentional Recollection Declare Professor gave two examples to explain two kinds of memories. Explicit memory is that people memorize something consciously like what they eat for dinner. Implicit memory is that people record something unconsciously in mind but they dontrealize the memorizing

13、action. For example, few people could remember the huge AD of Panther car on the billboard which they see on the highway when they drive by it. But when they are asked to name an animal starting with the letter P, many people would say panther rather than the most common animal Pig. Tpo 7 T4 psychol

14、ogy - behavior modification Consequence Discourage 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - Repetition Settings Professor gave an example about kids to explain the relation between behavior modification and consequence. When kids fir

15、st go to school, they dont get used to the rules and often misbehave in general like interfere the teacher, walk around when they re supposed to sit. Well, in this case, they may get punished from the teacher and the kids surely don t like it. in opposite, if they behave well, like sitting quietly,

16、raising hand, they may get rewarded and other good reaction from teacher. Then the kids learn how to avoid punishment by doing this or to get reward by doing that. They could change the behavior they used to have. Tpo 8 T4 biology revealing coloration Predator Startle Prey Display Revealing colorati

17、on is a method the animals use bright area on their body to escape from predators. Professor gives two examples to explain the concept. Peanut bug hides its bright colorful spot on the back wing. When getting attacked, it will suddenly show the bright part to surprise the predatory and use the chanc

18、e to get away. Morpho butterfly has a shining part on its wings which would reflect the sunlight. it hides the part when it is resting. When the predator approaches, it would widen the wing and show the shining part. The light reflecting makes it hard to pursue the prey. Tpo 9 T4 film - the establis

19、hing shot Context Establishing shot is one way to introduce the background of the movie. Through it, audience would figure out when and where the story is going to happen and which mood and feeling re in it. Professor gave an example about the movie he thought great. The image provides some informat

20、ion like location in an out of date building in a big city and period 1940 and the gloomy style which implies something dark and mysterious. Before the story begins, the audience could get a general idea about the movie s genre. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - -

21、 - - - 第 3 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - Tpo 10 T4 Marketing - entertainment merchandising Reverse Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing. It means to use the successful brand to influence the market of a new product. Professor gives 2 examples to demonstrate the concept. When he was young,

22、his friends and he were big fans of an animation character action hero. Because of the show, the action hero figure already has a lot potential customers. Conversely, his 7 year old daughter likes a baby doll, rosa. Then a new tv show with rosa as the main character will be very popular among the ch

23、ildren who have one. Tpo 11 T4 Art history - outsider art Professor gives an example to explain the outsider art. An artist lives in a tiny apartment, draws alone and privately. He hasn t received any formal education about painting so he has very unique way to make people remember his own style. In

24、stead of drawing the people s figure himself, he cut off the figure from newspaper or magazine and paste them on his painting. Another difference is that the painting is fully filled with more complicated details. And the sizing of the painting is usually twice than the traditional art one. Tpo 12 T

25、4 psychology - subliminal perception Constantly Perceive Auditory Stimuli threshold professor explains a concept subliminal perception in psychology class by presenting an experiment. Well, two groups of people are demanded to watch tv. Meanwhile they are given unconsciously and quickly three pictur

26、es during the show. First, both teams see a same picture of a boy with a birthday cake. Then each team has the different picture: one is the happy boy, another is the angry boy. then, two groups have to give comments about the personality about the boy according to the last same pic of the boy with

27、natural expression and none of them notice that they ve seen the boy before. But two teams give exactly the positive and negative opinion which matches the second pics. Tpo 13 T4 perceptual constancy Perceptual constancy means that our perception about familiar objects is unchangeable even if they a

28、re viewed in different conditions. Professor explains the concept by giving two examples: one is the plate in different position. When we hold the plate in front of us, its shape is a perfect 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - -

29、circle, while we put it on the table in a horizontal angle, it changes to an oval. No matter how it s put, we still consider the plate is round. Another one is professor in different distance. When the professor stands far away from us, it looks that he gets smaller. Conversely, when he walks toward

30、s us, professor gets bigger. However, wherever he stands, we know that he is the professor. Tpo 14 T4 comfort zone bias Refer to Professor presents a story of his friend s career choice to explain the concept comfort zone bias. People get used to stay in a stable position instead of taking risk. His

31、 friend wanted to be a film reviewer after graduation. Unfortunately, he couldn t find a job as film reviewer but news reporter. Gradually he found himself really good at news reporter and has worked for a longtime. Later, the film reviewer in his company quit, he was offered to do this job but he r

32、efused due to the comfort zone he has been. He wouldn t risk to take the challenge. Tpo 15 T4 psychology - experimenter effect Accurate Outcome Thereby Invalidate Experimenter effect means the attitude and expectation of the experimenter would affect the outcome of the experiment. Professor gives an

33、 example about monkey training. The researcher is asked to train the monkeys to pick up ball and put it into box. There re two groups of monkeys. The researcher is told one group of monkeys is highly intelligent; the other is less smart. In fact, two groups are similar intelligent. Well, the result

34、turns out that researcher spends less time with the supposed smarter group than with the supposed less smart group. Because he thinks the smarter group is easier to train and then he smiles to them a lot and talked to them, encourages them and communicates with them. Tpo 16 T4 psychology - social lo

35、afing Output Deliberate In group On one s own Social loafing is that people are not willing to contribute in group work as much as in an individual mission. Professor illustrates the concept with a study of pilling potatoes. Two groups of people are demanded to pill the potatoes. One group is told t

36、hat the number potatoes will be 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - recorded per person. While another group is told that the record would be counted in total which means result of each person wouldn t be recorded. Then the rese

37、archer studies the average number per person of each group. It turns out that the result in group work is significant fewer than in individual work. Tpo 17 T4 sociology - ritualization Ritualization Dog threaten show the teeth stay away A long bite baring the teeth Over time come to signal keep away

38、 Defense Need a right communication be warning signal The concept ritualization is about the development of a behavior from a practical act to a form of communication. Here is an example about the dog baring teeth. A long long time age, when dog feel threaten by other dogs or animals, it is going to

39、 bite the others. Well before it bites, it will first bare its teeth. Over time, the animals find this process and take it as a signal to keep away. And dog also knows without real bite, it can get the right result. Then dog will show the teeth to warn other animals to stay away as a communication s

40、ignal. Tpo 18 T4 biology - relict behavior Vanish Habitat Relict behavior means that the old behavior or characteristic of the animals remains even if the habitats are changed. Professor presents an example of American prown, a dearlike animal, lives on grass plaint in the middle of north America. P

41、rown is the fastest animal in northern hemisphere. No predator hopes to catch up with it. The reason why it run so fast is because tens thousands of years ago, there are lions on plaints which chase and prey prown and move very swiftly, much faster than other predators. Now lions in north America ex

42、tinct. But prown keeps its fast speed that is critical to its survival at that moment. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - Tpo 19 T4 social learning Family professor gives a common example in family to illustrate the concept of

43、social learning which means to learn or not to learn some behavior by observing the consequent led by the act. Here s the story. A 7 year old sis and a 4 year old boy go shopping with their mother, the girl wants a toy and she cries and screams to ask the mother to buy her one. Finally mother gives

44、in and buy her the toy. The younger brother sees what happened and he might do the same thing when he wants something from mother. In opposite, if mother ignore the crying and screaming girl and even gives her some punishment back home, the boy probably will avoid doing the same thing. Tpo 20 T4 bus

45、iness management - franchising Professor gives an example of pizza town to demonstrate the definition of franchising. he wants to start a pizza restaurant. Knowing the risk to start a new business, he decided to use a known thing, There is a pizza restaurant in chain named pizza town. Then he pays t

46、he pizza town for the right to use the name, to get the training to make the pizza exactly like pizza town. That s franchising. Instead, he has to decorate the restaurant in the same way as pizza town is, the color, the style. But that s great, because pizza town runs well in general and their pizza

47、 sells. Tpo 21 T4 questioning awareness of effect Professor talked about a way to stop student s disruptive behavior in the class questioning awareness of effect. He gives an example about a student Sara in his class. He asked students to raise hands when they wanted to answer the question. however,

48、 as other student put hands in the air, sara just called on the answer without raising hand. That mad others frustrated. Professor told her directly her behavior was not fair for other students. Then without waiting for the reaction, professor continued to teach. From then on, each time, sara wanted to answer the question, she just raised hands like others. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - -