2022年高考英语语法精品学案专题八情态动词和虚拟语气 .pdf

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1、学习必备欢迎下载情态动词主要用来表示说话人的情感、态度等，是中学英语语法的重点，也是高考的热点，是单项填空必考的一个知识点。情态动词在近五年高考中主要考查四点：情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法；情态动词与虚拟语气；情态动词表达“ 情感、态度、语气等” ；情态动词表示 “ 必要性 ” 等方面的用法。虚拟语气的考点主要集中在名词性从句、条件句中的用法，以及错综条件句中虚拟语气的应用。一、 情态动词表推测的用法情态动词意义语气句式语境例句备注must 一定可能性最大肯定句对具体事 A： Look ，someone is coming. Who can it be? B: It may be our h

2、eadmaster. A: It can t be him. He has gone to 对现在的行为或状态的推测：must/may/might/can/could do 对过去的行为或状态的推测：must/may/might/can/could have done may/might(might可能性小于may) 可能可能性较小，尤其might肯定句、否定句( 可 能精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载最不肯定不) 实的判断Shanghai. B: It must be Mr. Wang. He

3、looks like our headmaster. That may not be true. He couldnt have discovered the truth. can/could (could可能性小于can) 可能疑问句、否定句( 不 可能 ) 、(could有时也用于肯定句 ) 有时会肯定句情态动词意义语气句式语境例句备注should /ought to 应该 ，理应理论上Its 8 oclock now. He should be in the office now. Hi, Mum! Im on the bus. I should be home in about ten

4、 minutes. 常表示在一段时间内可能发生的事或某人的期望。 一般句末有时间状语， 或有语境暗示。所表示的猜测发生的可能性精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载很大。注意： should (ought to)表示推测是高考考查的重点和难点。如：When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon. They _ be ready by 12：00. Acan Bshould Cmight Dneed 【解析】BA 项表示推测时常用

5、于否定句和疑问句中。C 项表示推测语气不太肯定。should 意为 “ 按理说，理应 ” ，既回答了顾客的询问，不失礼貌，又为照片有可能尚未洗好，顾客到时取不到留下了回旋的余地，体现了店主的精明与用词经过仔细推敲。二、情态动词的其他用法1can, could, may, might 情态动词意义例句备注精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载can/could 能力I can see some birds flying in the sky. Could the girl read before she

6、went to school? could 表示泛指过去的某一能力。表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事，通常用was/were able to do，相当于 managed to do/succeeded in doing 。 如： Because he practised hard, he was able to pass the driving test. 情态动词意义例句备注can/could 允许 (有时可与may互换 ) Can/May I have a look at your photos？can 与 could 、may 与 might 不表时态差 异 ， 只 是 语 气 上 的

7、 差 别 ，could/might比 can/may更委婉。注意在回答时不能用could/ might。请求Can/Could you lend me a hand ？ Yes, I can. 情态动词意义例句备注精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载may/might 允 许 或 请求You may take this if you like. May/Might I ask for a photo of your baby ？can 与 could 、may 与 might 不表时态差 异 ， 只

8、是 语 气 上 的 差 别 ，could/might比 can/may更委婉。注意在回答时不能用could/ might。2.must, should 情态动词意义例句备注must 必须We must help each other to overcome the difficulties. Must I finish the work today ？No, you neednt/you dont have to./Yes, you must. You mustnt take photos here, and it is forbidden. must表示主观意志，have to 表示客观。如

9、：They had to speed up, for the weather turned terrible. Must I/we ？ 的 否 定 回 答 不能用 mustnt。偏要硬要非要Why must you always interrupt me？Can I borrow your car, Mum ？If you must. 表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载情 态 动词意义例句备注should 应该 (常与oughtto通用 ) You should be

10、polite to the old. ought to 的否定式：ought not to(oughtnt to)；疑问式： Ought to ？竟然It is strange that he should react in this way. 表示惊讶、意外等语气。万一Should anyone phone, tell them I will call back later. ( If anyone should phone)If I should go there tomorrow, I would go to see her. 用于 if 从句中强调 “ 万一 ” ，或用于虚拟语气。3.

11、 need, dare 情 态 动词例句注意事项need I neednt go at once. Need you go at once ？ Yes ， I must. /No, I neednt. need可以作实义动词，用于各种句式。如： I need to go at once.I dont need to go at once. Do you need to go at once？Yes ，I do.need作情态动词常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载dare

12、He darent cross the river. How dare you say that to me？dare 和 need 一样，既可以作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。如：He didnt dare (to) go out alone at night. (在否定句中to有时可省略 ) 4.shall/will/would 情态动词意义例句备注shall 表示征询意见。Shall I help you？用于第一、第三人称疑问句中。表示说话人的意愿，有“ 命令， 允诺，警告， 决心 ”等意思。You shal

13、l do as I say. (命令 ) You shall have the book tomorrow. (允诺) If you dont get out, I shall knock you down. ( 警告 ) 用于第二、第三人称。4.shall/will/would 情态动词意义例句备注精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载will/would 表示意愿I will do everything for you. None is so blind as those who wont see.

14、 表请求Will/ Would you please close the window？用于疑问句中。 would 更委婉表示某种倾向或习惯性动作Fish will die without water. Every time she was in trouble，she would turn to him for help. (would指过去某一段时间的情况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用， 意为 “ 总是，总会 ” ，后面只能接动作性的动词。) used to表示与现在的情况相反，表示 “ 过去如此而现在不再这样 ” 。其后既可接表动作的动词，也可接表状态的动词。如：There used to

15、 be an apple tree in front of the house. 4.shall/will/would 情态动词意义例句备注will/would 表 示 功 能(能，行 ) If you dont have a pen, a pencil will do. We tried the door again ， but it wouldnt open. 与否定词连用常表示“ 拒绝 ” 。表 示 推 测(可能、大概) This will be the house you are looking for. I would be about ten when my father left

16、 home. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载二、 情态动词 have done 情态动词意义例句备注must have done；may/might have done ；can/could have done 一定 (肯定句 )； 可能 (肯定句和否定句 )； 可能 (疑问句和否定句 ) You cant/couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born. 对过去的事情的推测might have done; could

17、have done ； would have done 本来可能做 而未 做 ； 本 可 以做 而未做；本来会做 而未做He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.We could have walked there, and it was so near. 与过去事实相反的虚拟表达情态动词意义例句备注should/ought to have done 本应该做 而未做Your brother has failed English exam again. You ought to have given him

18、more help. 表示责备neednt have done 本不需要做 但却做了You neednt have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载四、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。1 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法if 从句主句与现在事实相反if 主语动词过去式主语should/would/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反If 主语had 过去分词主

19、语should/would/could/might have 过去分词与将来事实相反(1) if 主语动词过去式主语should/would/could/ might 动词原形(2)if 主语 were to动词原形(3) if 主语 should 动词原形If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明天下雨的话，我就不开车了。 (明天的情况还不知道) If I had done it in time, I should have had a good time. 如果我及时做的话，日子就好过多了。 (可惜当时没能及时做)

20、 注意：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载(1) 主句中的 should 通常用于第一人称，would 可用于任何人称。(2) 条件句中如果动词是be ，其过去式所有人称的单复数都可用were ；在第一、 三人称单数的口语中，可用was 代替 were 。但在 if I were you中，不能说成if I was you。(3) 当条件从句的行为与主句所表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中动词的形式要根据它所标示的时间作出相应的调整，这就是所谓的“ 错综条件虚拟语气” 。如：If they

21、had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干得就会容易些了。If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听我的建议，他就不会干得这么好了。(4) 在条件句中， 如果有 were, had, should等， 则可省略if ， 但应注意把were, had, should等提到从句主语之前。如： If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. We

22、re he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他来，我将和他一道参加讨论。(5) 有些虚拟条件句没有从句，虚拟条件句是通过上下文或介词短语表示出来的。如：But for air and water, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气和水，地球上就没有生命。(介词短语but for提供了虚拟条件) With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你的帮助，我们就可以早些完成任务。 (介词短语with your help充当虚拟

23、条件句) 2 虚拟语气在wish 从句中的用法专题八 正面解读宾语从句愿望I wish 主语动词过去式现在不能实现的愿望精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载主语 had过去分词过去不能实现的愿望主语 would/might动词原形将来不能实现的愿望I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在 ) I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。(将来 ) I wish that he had not made so much fu

24、ss about it. 我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去 ) 3 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用(1) 在 insist ；command ，order ；demand ，request ，require ，desire ；advise, propose, suggest ， recommend等表示 “ 命令、要求、建议 ” 的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：He suggests that she (should) leave the house at once. 他要她立刻离开这所房子。He proposed that we (should) deal with the prob

25、lem by the view of development. 他建议我们应该用发展的眼光处理这个问题。(2) 与上述动词相对应的名词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句、同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气(should 可省略 )。如：My proposal is that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan. 我的建议是为这个计划设定一个上交的期限。(3) 在 It be suggested (ordered, demanded, proposed, )that 结构中，主语从句

26、中也要使用虚拟语气。如：Its required that every student be on time for school. 要求每个学生准时到校。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载(4) 在 do you suggest/recommend用在特殊疑问句中作插入语时，句子的动词也使用虚拟语气，即 “should 动词原形 ” 的形式，其中should 可以省略。如：What type of computer do you recommend/ suggest we (should) bu

27、y? 你建议我们买什么类型的电脑呢？(5) 在 Itsnecessary ，essential ，important, strange, natural等形容词that从句或 Its a pity，a shame 等名词that 从句中，谓语动词可以使用should do 。如：It is necessary that the badly wounded man should be treated immediately. 这位重伤员必须马上治疗。Its a pity that you should be so careless. 你竟然如此粗心，真是可惜。4 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法在 a

28、s if/though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在相反的情况；用过去完成式，表示与过去相反的情况等。其变化与wish 后的宾语从句的变化相同。如：Ive loved you as if you were my relative. 我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。5 虚拟语气在其他一些句型中的用法(1) Its high time that-从句中， 谓语动词可以使用过去式，也可使用 should 动词原形；表示 “ 早该 了” ，其中 should 不可省略。如：Its high time we got up/should get up. 我们早该起床了。(2) would rat

29、her从句中， 谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来的情况相反；用过去完成式，表示与过去的情况相反。如：I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。(3) if only要是 多好啊。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载If only you hadnt offended him. 你当时不惹他就好了。If only he could come tomorrow. 他明天能来就好了。(4) 其他一些表示祝愿的句型。如：May you succeed！祝你成功！

30、Long live the Peoples Republic of China. 中华人民共和国万岁！1. 【误】The streets are all dry; it mustnt have rained last night. 【正】The streets are all dry; it cant have rained last night. 【解析】 对某一事实的否定推测不能用must ， 而要用 cant 或 couldnt表示 “ 不可能 ” 。2 【误】I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might be ill, I g

31、uess. 【正】I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess. 【解析】猜的事情发生在昨天，因此要用情态动词have done形式，当动词是be时，很容易忽略它的时态意义，要特别留意。3 【误】He must be very friendly at times. 【正】He can be very friendly at times. 【解析】句意为：他有时会很友好。可知此处并非对现在的状态进行推测，而是一种理论上的可能性，因此用can。4 【误】I cant find my keys.

32、 I may/might forget them on the playground 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载yesterday. 【正】I cant find my keys. I may/might have left them on the playground yesterday. 【解析】表示对过去情况的推测，通常用must/may/might have done sth. 另外，表示“ 把 忘记在某地 ” 应用动词leave 。5 【误】The fire spread thr

33、ough the hotel quickly, but everyone could get out. 【正】The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone was able to get out. 【解析】表示在过去成功地做到了某事，肯定句中通常用was/were able to do sth.。6 【误】Will I open the window for you? 【正】Shall I open the window for you? 【解析】shall 与第一、第三人称连用，表示征求意见或请求指示，这时不可用will 。w

34、ill 通常与第二人称连用，即Will you？7 【误】The plant is dead. Maybe I should give more water. 【正】The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given more water. 【解析】根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责：本应该多浇些水的。要用 should have done形式表示 “ 本应该做 而未做 ” 。8 【误】Hadnt they saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】Had they

35、not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】If they had not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载【解析】当条件中含有were, had, should等时，可省略 if ，从而把 were, had, should提到主语之前。若条件句为否定句，则只把were, had, should

36、提前， not 仍放在主语之后。9 【误】If only I saw the film yesterday. 【正】If only I had seen the film yesterday. 【解析】 if only后句子若表示过去的一种愿望，其谓语动词应用过去完成式，即 if only sb. had done sth. 。1Everyone in my class passed the exam. Oh，really ？It _ difficult. Acant have been Bneednt have been Cmust be Dmightnt be 【解析】A考查情态动词。 对

37、过去进行推测，表示 “ 一定不 ” 应使用cant have done。句意为： “ 我们班上每个人都通过了考试。”“哦，真的吗？那题目一定不难。”2 2009安徽卷 Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they _ just be quiet people. Amust Bmay Cshould Dwould 【解析】B句意为：有些人不喜欢讲话不一定是害羞，他们可能是安静的人。此处用 may 表示 “ 可能 ” 之意。3 Why didnt you answer the phone last night

38、? I _ when you called. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载Ahad to have slept Bhad to be sleeping Cmust have been sleeping Dmust have slept 【解析】C由时间状语和结合语境来看，这是对过去某个时间点正在发生事情的肯定推测，再结合题意，应该是must have been doing结构，选C。4 When I lived with my roommates in the university, we

39、_ often talk into the night. Amight Bmust Cshould Dwould 【解析】D这里描述的是过去经常发生的动作(或过去经常做的事情)。5 This is the first time I _ my first picture with my own hands. It is time that you _ a picture for me. Atook; took Bhave taken; took Ctook; will take Dwill take; have taken 【解析】BThis/It is the first time that中

40、，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成式；Its (high) time that中，从句谓语动词通常用一般过去式(即虚拟语气 )，意为 “ 该是做 的时候了 ” 。6 Why hasnt Jack come back yet？_anything have happened to him? Im not sure, but I guess something_. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载AMay ；must have BCan；may have CMust ；may D Dare ； might

41、 have 【解析】 B考查情态动词。 在一般疑问句或特殊疑问句中表推测时常用can 或 could ，推测发生过的事情时情态动词后要接完成式，只能选B。7It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it_ be rather cold sometimes. Amust Bcan Cshould Dwould 【解析】Bcan 用在肯定句中可以指“ 有时会，可能会” ，表示客观情况或逻辑上的可能性。句意为：三月份在我们家乡通常比较暖和，但有时也会非常冷。8 Liza_ well not want to go on the tripshe ha

42、tes traveling. Awill Bcan Cmust Dmay 【解析】Dmay well (not) do sth.意为 “ 很可能 (不 )干某事，完全 (没)有可能干某事” 。9 Look at the floor, Tom！_you watch TV while having a meal? AShould BCould CWould DMust 【解析】Dmust 表示与说话人愿望相反或不耐烦“ 非得、偏要 ” 。如：Must you make so much noise？你就非得弄出这么大声吗？10 The soccer team has been doing well

43、this season ，so they _win the championship. Ashould Bmight Cwould Dmust 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载【解析】A本题考查情态动词。句意为：这个足球队在这个季度训练得很好，因此，他们应该会赢得冠军。根据常理进行推测表示“ 应该 ”时用 should 。11 When the ship sailed out from Thailand, the 16 sailors on board _ that only half of t

44、hem would return again. Awill never think Bcan never think Cneednt have thought Dcouldnt have thought 【解析】D考查 “ 情态动词完成式” 的用法。根据句意“ 当这艘轮船从泰国驶出的时候，船上的 16 名船员不会想到他们当中只有一半的人会返回” 可知，这里表示对过去事情的否定推测，选D。12 What does the sign over there read? No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette in this area. Awill

45、 Bshall Cmay Dmust 【解析】B考查情态动词的特殊用法。答句句意为：任何人在这里都不能吸烟或者是携带点燃的香烟。shall 在这里表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“ 必须，应该 ” 。专题八 实战演练13 Its hard to believe that such a greedy man_ donate so much to Project Hope. Amay Bneed Ccan Dshall 【解析】C考查情态动词的特殊用法。句意为：这么贪婪的人竟能为希望工程捐出精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页

46、，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载这么多钱，真是难以置信！can 在这里表示惊讶、不相信，意为“ 居然会，竟能 ” 。14 For environmental reasons，we _ as well take these waste products and have them recycled. Ashould Bwould Cmight Dcould 【解析】C考查情态动词。所填词与as well 构成固定搭配，意思是不妨，用 might ，选 C。15 We _ here at lunch time; we were delayed at the airport, though. Acou

47、ld be Bshould be Cmust have been Dwould have been 【解析】Dwould have done sth.表示与已经发生的事实相反，意思是“ 本来会 但实际没有 ” 。句意为：我们本来能在午餐时到达，但我们在机场被延误了。16 Jenny took the 8：00 bus to Guangzhou this morning. Really ？He _ the 9：00 train. Its much more comfortable and safer to travel by train. Acould have taken Bshould ta

48、ke Cmust have taken Dcan take 【解析】A考查情态动词的用法。上句表示珍妮已乘坐8 点的汽车去了广州。答句句意为：她本可以坐9 点的火车去的，坐火车舒服得多，安全得多。“ 情态动词could 完成式 ” 表示 “ 本来可以，而实际上并没有那么做” 。17 2010四川卷 _ I take the book out? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 31 页学习必备欢迎下载Im afraid not. AWill BMay CMust DNeed 【解析】B考查情态动词词义辨析。may 用于一

49、般疑问句，表示请求。18 2010安徽卷 Jack described his father，who _ a brave boy many years ago，as a strong-willed man. Awould be Bwould have been Cmust be Dmust have been 【解析】D考查情态动词。句意为：杰克把他父亲描写成一个有坚强意志的人，他很多年前就一定是一个勇敢的男孩。根据 many years ago可知， 是对过去事情的推测。 would have been多用于条件句的虚拟语气中。19 2010浙江卷 Had I known about thi

50、s computer program，a huge amount of time and energy_. Awould have been saved Bhad been saved Cwill be saved Dwas saved 【解析】A本题考查虚拟语气。根据Had I known提示，可知此句是虚拟语气，且与过去事实相反，故主句谓语用would have done的形式。此外本句还是被动，选A。20 2010湖南卷 You _ buy a gift，but you can if you want to. Amust Bmustnt 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -