外研版高一英语必修一语法.doc

*- 必修一 语法 1、 一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成形式如下： 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I work Do I work? I do not work. Do I not work? He(She, It)works Does he (she,it)work? He(She,It)does not work Does he(she,it)not work? We work Do we work? We do not work Do we not work? You work Do you work? You do not work Do you not work? They work Do they work? They do not work Do they not work? 2. 一般现在时的基本用法 （1）一般现在时常表经常发生的动作或者经常存在的状态，常与always，often，usually，everyday，sometimes等表示时间的状语连用①，有时候时间状语可以不表达出来②。由when，while，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句亦可用一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态③。连词if引导的条件从句有时亦可用一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态④。 ①I go to school everyday. ②Where do you live ? ③When I come across a new word I consult the English dictionary. ④If you speak slowly, I understand. If you speak quickly, I don’t understand. （2） 一般现在时常用语一下情况 I.表示日常行为 ①The boys wake up at seven o’clock, wash, dress quickly and run into the dining-room for breakfast. They wait until they hear the bell and then go to school. II.表示习惯、能力 ①He never wears a hat in winter.（习惯） ②Do you drive, John? （能力） III.表示客观存在 ①The earth moves round the sun. ②Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人 IV.报章、杂志、书籍不强调过去时间、单纯表示客观事实（即所载文字依然存在）时，亦用一般现在时 ①What does the newspaper say? 3. 一般现在时表现在 （1）表说话时刻，这一时刻往往是很短暂的①。有时所表示的时间并不短暂②，一般现在时表示现在时可与现在进行时交替使用③ ① What time is now? ②The patient is much better now. ③He is wearing a tall hat and carries an umbrella. （2）表完成的动作，常表示示范性动作①，亦可表示宣布或声明什么事②，亦可用来报道一件事③，有时一般现在时表示的动作虽实际上尚未完成，但在说话人的心理上已完成④，这种一般现在时还用在下列感叹句中⑤。 ①Now I put the sugar in the cup. ②Today we begin to study Lesson 8. ③The affair becomes serious. ④I repeat, this is important. ⑤There goes the bell! / Here he comes! （3）用于无限动词和静态动词 ①The little boy stands on the chair.（无限动词。使用一般现在时强调事实，用现在进行时则比较生动） ②I wish you every success.（静态动词，此处表内心活动） 4. 一般现在时表过去 一般现在时有时可以用来表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。 （1） 表示离现在较近的过去 ① I come to apologize.（此处的come表示“我已经在这里这一事实”） ②What wind blows you here? （2）表示离现在较远的过去①，介绍书籍和电影等情节时常用一般现在时②，叙事文中为表生动也用一般现在时③，在舞台说明中也用现在时态表示动作④。 ①That’s long, long ago. ②Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. ③I happen to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it. ④Gordon: It’s always the way! [Tears off apron, throws it on the floor, and exit right, slamming the door.] （3） 表示死者言行，如果死者的理论、著作仍旧存在并仍有影响的话①，人随死物犹在时，可用一般现在时②,当死者（多指死后不久者）的动作与现在直接有关时③ ①Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species. ②In that letter she tells why she was up there. ③He leaves a wife and two children. （4） 用于间接引语或读例句。主句的谓语动词如果是过去时态，而间接引语是客观事实或说话人认为是事实时，间接引语的谓语动词应用一般现在时①。有时在读例句中，谓语动词虽指过去，但已没有什么时间概念，常用一般现在时②。 ①The doctor said that I’m a little overweight. ②No one is born an actor. 5. 一般现在时表将来 一般现在时有时可用来表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 （1） 表示最近的将来，说话人说话时动作尚未开始，但即将开始。①表示最近将来的一般现在时常和why don’t you连用，表示请求或者劝告②。 ①I’m off. ②Why don’t you try the baker’s shop on Wells Streets? （2） 表示预定的行为，即将来的但已事先安排好的动作，这种安排很固定，不容轻易改变，好像变成了事实一样。这种一般现在时多用于转移动词（go，come，arrive，leave，start，sail等），往往后接时间状语。这种一般现在时常与一般将来时连用①。现今有不少非转移动词的一般现在时也可表示计划中的未来动作。这种一般现在时也常与一般将来时连用②。Be和have虽然非转移动词，但其一般时也可表示将来时间，强调未来的事实或早已规定的事③。当我们抽象地谈未来，由于时间概念很弱，也可用一般现在时。④ ①Tomorrow morning I leave England. You will never see me again. ②Today, China faces Cuba for the title while the Russians will play the Japanese for third place. ③Tomorrow is Sunday. ④Final victory is ours. （3） 表示将来的从句 ①I’ll wait till he comes. 2、 现在进行时 1.现在进行时的构成形式如下： 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I am working Am I working? I am not working. Am I not working? He(She, It) Is working Is he (she,it) working? He(She,It) is not working Is he(she,it) not working? We are working Are we working? We are not working Are we not working? You are working Are you working? You are not working Are you not working? They are working Are they working? They are not working Are they not working? 2. 现在进行时的基本用法 （1） 现在进行时的基本用法是表现在（说话人的说话时刻）正在进行的动作，可在now,at present, at this moment, these days等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语①。有时现在进行时所表的动作并不一定在说话人的说话适可进行，而是在包括说话时间在内的一段时间当中进行②。现在进行时有时可用来与过去对比③。 ①What are you doing now? ②George is translating a book now. ③He is speaking English much more fluently than he used to. 现在进行时表现在时还有以下一些情况 A. 表重复。少数瞬间动词表不断重复的动作(jump,knock,kick,hit,nod,tap,wink,cough,shoot,drop等) ①The boy is jumping with joy. B.表目前情况 ①We usually have breakfast at 7, but during the holidays we’re having it at 8. C.用于描写 ①I am missing you dreadfully。 D.用于阐释或归纳 ①When I say that, I’m thinking of the students. E.与状语连用 ①I am only joking F.用于从句 ①We are suffering while they are expanding G.无限动词用于现在进行时，显得生动 ①There’s a lady in the picture.She’s lying in a couch. H.静态动词用于现在进行时 ①You are not being polite. （2） 现在进行时表将来 现在进行时除表现在外，还可以表将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”、“安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感。它表示最近或较近的将来，所用动词多为转移动词 ①I’m going. （3） 现在进行时表过去 现在进行时在时间上横跨着过去、现在或将来，所以它不但可以表现在和将来，也可以表里现在较近的过去。 ①What are you talking about? （4） 现在进行时表经常 有时现在进行时并不表具体时间，而是泛指一切时间。这种现在进行时标记生动，也比较口语化。表客观事实的句子用现在进行时也是为了生动，往往和表经常的副词一起连用。 ①Whenever I see him, he’s reading. ②The river is constantly flowing into the sea. 3、 现在完成时 1.现在完成时的构成形式如下： 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I have worked Have I worked? I have not worked. Have I not worked? He(She, It) has worked Has he (she,it) worked? He(She,It) has not worked Has he(she,it) not worked? We have worked Have we worked? We have not worked Have we not worked? You have worked Have you worked? You have not worked Have you not worked? They have worked Have they worked? They have not worked Have they not worked? 3. 现在完成时的基本用法 （1） 现在完成时跨在两个时间之上，一是过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），而这种影响（或结果）却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以常常后面不用时间状语。现在完成时所表示的动作离说话人的时刻可近可远。表示近距离的①，表示远距离的② ①The car has arrived. ②He has travelled over many lands. 有时可以连用现在完成时去完成一个以上相互紧接的动作 ①They have gone to the moon and come back t earth again. 注意have been 和have gone的意思不同 ①I have been to the library. ②He has gone to the library. 和一般现在时一样，现在完成时也可以用于死者。也有两种情况：一种是死者刚死不久，生者觉得他还像在人间①。另一个情况是说名人。他们虽已死去，但其言行对现在仍有影响②。现在完成时有时带有感情色彩③。在口语中，往往用“have gone(或been) and+过去分词”的形式④。 ①It’s a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. ②Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. ③What have you done! ④You’ve gone and broken my fan. （2） 现在完成时表示持续和重复 现在完成时常用来表示持续的动作或者状态，也用来表示过去重复的动作 i.用预先动词来表示持续，表持续动作或状态的动词多是无限动词（live,study,teach,be,wait等）,常和since（自从）或for（经历）引动的词语连用①，在一般情况下，这种一般现在时今后还会延续下去，也可能不再延续②。非无限动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性，但非无限动词在否定结构中可以使用完成时，因为“否定”本身是可以延续的③。 ①I have lived here for more than 30 years. ②Have you waited long? / These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. ③I haven’t bought anything for three months. ii.也可用有限动词表示持续。在当代英语里，有些有限动词已经冲破了上述规则，在某种情况下也可以与since和for一道的词语连用表“持续性”①，但要注意介词for有时并不表示“经历”而是表“目的”② ①The two leaders have met for two hours. ②I’ve come only for a few moments. iii.表过去重复的动作。这种现在完成时常与always,often,many times,every day等时间状语连用①。还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用，表示过去的经验。② ①My father has always gone to work by bike. ②I have often met him when I have been in London. （3） 现在完成时表示将来 i.同一般现在时一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将啦 ①We are going after we’ve had breakfast. ii.有时现在完成时可从属于一般将来时，用在宾语从句中表示将来 ①If he asks for me, tel him I have left for Paris. iii.有时可以替代将来完成时，以强调一种自然的或必然的结果 ①There is but one more question, then I have done.（问完了） （4） 现在完成时与其他词语连用 A.与宾语从句连用，后接的宾语从句可用任何时态 ①Have you found out how wide the ditch was? B.与时间状语连用。现在完成时是一个现在时态，所以他可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用，如now,today,this week, this month,this year,always,often等。①现在完成时一般不可和具体地飚过去的时间状语如just now, a minute ago连用，但可与just,recently, of late, before,never,always,often,already,in the past等笼统地表过去的时间状语连用②。 ①The rain has stopped now. ②He’s just gone. C.与since连用。现在完成时表持续时可与since需哦为借此与连词引导的词语（即短语与从句）连用。Since做副词用时 也可以与现在完成时连用①。另外，since从句虽长用一般过去时，但有时也可以用现在完成时。用现在完成时时，since的意思是“在...期间”或“自...期间”的开头，但其后的动词必须是无限动词，有持续性②。但since从句的现在完成时也可与一些非无限动词连用，这时，它与一般过去时没什么多大的区别③。 ①Nothing has happened since. ②I have met him often since I have lived here. ③It’s a long time since I’ve seen you. D.与介词短语连用。现在完成时除可和介词for（经历）和since（自从）引导的介词短语连用外，还可和before，after，during，from，in等借此引导的借此短语连用①。现在完成时也可后接内含一般过去时的when（或while）从句②。 ①He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. ②I haven’t studied English when I was at school. E.与long ago连用。 ①She’s gone long ago. F.与疑问副词连用。现在完成时可以和how,why及where等疑问副词连用①。也可以与疑问副词when连用，但往往有反问语气②。 ①How have you done it?（强调结果.如用一般过去时则问方式） ②When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这套 G.与其他时态连用。现在完成时常和一般过去时连用。从时间先后看，共有三种情况：即现在完成时所表的动作（或状态）发生（或存在）于过去一般时所表的动作（或状态）之后、之前或同时。 ①My friend gave it to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer.（之后） ②Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. （之前） ③I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. （同时） 现在完成时常可用来引导一般过去时 ①I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 有时这两种时态形成一种对照 ①She has made several attempts to get way, but we succeeded in persuading her to stay. 现在完成时也常和其他现在时态连用 ①We’re tired. It’s been a long day. 现在完成时也常和另一现在完成时连用 ①Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? H.用于时间和原因状语从句。现在完成时和一般现在时一样，也可用在when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中。这种从句中的现在完成时较之于一般现在时，常强调下列三种情况： a.强调动作的完成或结果 ①When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. b.强调从句的动作与主语的动作不紧相连接，二者之间有时隔 ①They often play chess after they have had supper. c.强调无限动词的动作已完成。 ①When I have studied a book I write a report n it. I.用于间接引语。现在完成时也可以用在过去时态之后的间接引语中，表示说话人相信间接引语的真实性。 ①I heard you have been ill. 4、 一般过去时 1.一般过去时的构成形式如下： 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I worked Did I work? I did not work. Did I not work? He(She, It)worked Did he (she,it)work? He(She,It)did not work Did he(she,it)not work? We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work? You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work? They work Do they work? They do not work Do they not work? 4. 一般过去时的基本用法 （1） 一般过去时常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时常和表示过去的状语连用，如a minute ago,yesterday,last week,in 1900,during the night, in those days等。用一般过去时的时候，要说“过多少时间之后”，一般用after，不用in。 ① Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. （2） 一般过去时亦可与today，this week，this month，this year等时间状语连用。但这些时间状语须指过去，绝不包括“现在”在内。 ① Did you see him today? （3） 一般过去时虽不可与now连用，但却可与just now 连用 ① He went out just now. （4） 一般过去时表过去时还有一下情况： a.用于since从句。主句的谓语动词如现在完成时，其后接的since引导的从句一般须用一般过去时①，如果since从句的谓语动词是无限动词或者静态动词，则一般仍表动作或状态的结束，并无持续性②。 ① You haven’t changed much since we last met. ②It’s a long time since I lived here. b.时间状语可省略。一般过去时通常要与表示过去的时间状语连用，但以下情况可以省略。从上下文可以清楚地看出时间状语时①，前文如有现在完成时引导时②，和现在时态对比时③，有表示过去习惯的used to时④。 ①Did you sleep well? ②Have you measured how wide the window was? ③He is no longer the man he was. ④I used to play football in the street. c.所表示的动作多已完成 ①，但静态动词的一般过去时所表示的状态当然一半未完成②，但在一般情况下，无限动词仍表示持续的动作③。 ①I wrote a composition yesterday. ②Why were you absent from school yesterday? ③I sat in the chair and my cat sat on the rug. d.可表示死者的动作和状态。在英语中，说到死去的人时，一般借用过去时态。 ①--Who is the man in the picture? --He was my father. e.有时有感情色彩 ①You asked for it! 你是自找的 5. 一般过去时表现在、过去的将来 （1）一般过去时有时形式上为过去，实际上指现在。用过去形式乃是根据时态一致的原则。 ①I didn’t know you were here. （2）一般过去时还可以用来表示未完客气，也指现在。 ①Did you wish to see me? （3）一般过去时有时可以表示将来发生的事 ①In the years to come, it will be a great thing for a man to say that I died here like a hero. （4） 一般过去时也可以表示过去的将来发生的事。 ①They had to leave early ad they started work the next day. 6. 一般过去时表示过去的过去 （1）表“过去的过去”时，如果不是强调先后、因果等关系，常可用一般过去时。这种一般过去时常用于从句中。 ①The boy said he was sorry for what he did. （2）英语里“过去的过去的过去”也有可能用一般现在时表示 ①I was told that she had lived here since her husband died. （3）一般过去时也可用于倒叙在过去的过去发生的时间。这种一般过去时常与时间状语连用。 ①Fang Fang came to the Beijing Zoo in 1972 after spending 6 years in the bamboo forests of Baoxing County, Sichuan Province. One day in spring, she fell into a trap and was dragged to a nearby village. After a few days she was caged and escorted to Beijing by train. （4）在不会引起误会的情况下，一般过去时在无时间状语的情况下也可以用于倒叙 ①Bessie died. She had a quarrel with her mother and she went alone to HongKong. （5）过去完成时一般赵忠倒叙相继发生的动作或时间以及已结束了的状态。而一般过去时则常用于倒叙存在而尚未结束的状态或事实。 （6）一般过去时讲的原话变成间接引语时，时态可以不变为过去完成时，仍用一般过去时。 ①After that, she told me, the hotel went from Class C to much worse. 7. 一般过去时的从属关系 有时，一般过去时是由所属关系决定的。它可以属于现在、将来、过去时态。 （1） 从属于现在时态 ①When the ball goes out of bounds, the referee decides which player touched it last. （2）从属于将来时态 ①After a good many years you will look back on these early pieces of work and realize that they were sincere and penetrating. （3） 从属于另一一般过去时 ①”I got the job because I was a woman,” she said. 5、 动词 -ing形式 1.构成形式如下： 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 Doing Being done 完成式 Having done Having been done 2.动名词的时式 动名词有一般式和完成时两种时式 1） 动名词一般式所表的动作可与谓语动词所标的动作同时发生 ①A big job should be done in popularizing education. 动名词一般式所标的动作也可能与谓语动词所表示的动作异时发生 ①On finding that the engine was working badly,the pilot was obliged to land. 2） 动名词完成式所表的动作皆发生在谓语动词所表的动作之前 ①Allen denied having been there. 否认到过那里 3. 动名词的被动式 1）动名词一般式用于被动式 ①He narrowly escaped being run over. 2）动名词完成式用于被动式 ①His arm was not in a sling, and showed no sigh of having been damaged. 3）有些动名词在句中具有主动的形式但含被动的意义 ①Such hardships are beyond bearing. 4.动名词与不定式比较 一般地说，动名词重过程，不定式重结果。 6、 16种时态 一般 完成 进行 完成进行 现在 一般现在时 I work 现在完成时 I have worked 现在进行时 I am working 现在完成进行时 I have been working 过去 一般过去时 I worked 过去完成时 I had worked 过去进行时 I was working 过去完成进行时 I had been working 将来 一般将来时 I shall work 将来完成时 I shall have worked 将来进行时 I shall be working 将来完成进行时 I shall have been working 过去将来 一般过去将来时 I should work 过去将来完成时 I should have worked 过去将来进行时 I should be worked 过去将来完成进行时 I should have been working 四个动作方面各有其特点，现分述如下： 1） 一般方面 ---用以叙述一单纯事实，时间可以不具体 ---动态动词的一般方面常表示动作已完成 2） 完成方面 ---用以表述一个动作已经完成 ---身跨两个时间。动作发生于前一个时间，但说话人的兴趣一般在后一个时间 3） 进行方面 ---表示动作在一时段中进行，说话人的兴趣一般不再动作何时开始，何时结束，而在于他所关心的时点上。 ---往往呈现出一种情景，故描写性强，比较生动。 4） 完成进行方面 ---兼有完成与进行两个方面的特点 ---也身跨两个时间，但二者往往相距不远