Chapter-06-The-Messages-of---Action--space--time--and-Silence.ppt

《Chapter-06-The-Messages-of---Action--space--time--and-Silence.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Chapter-06-The-Messages-of---Action--space--time--and-Silence.ppt（55页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2) People use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states;3) It is usually responsible for first impressions;4) Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously;5) A great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language. 2. Defining nonverbal co

2、mmunication Like the terms of culture and communication, there are many definitions about nonverbal communication. What is the definition in this textbook? See p.149. This definition deals with the following aspects:1) marking the boundaries of nonverbal communication (“nonverbal stimuli” instead of

3、 verbal ones);2) reflecting how the process actually works (the nonverbal stimuli “are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment”.)3) including unintentional as well as intentional behavior in the total communication.But the nonverbal stimuli also “have potential message val

4、ue for the source or receiver,” because people send nonverbal messages without ever being aware that they have meaning for other people. e.g. a. frowning into the sun and making someone believe we are mad, b. leaving some shampoo in our hair and having someone think we look silly, and c. accidentall

5、y brushing up against someone and making that person think we are flirting (arousing sexual interest; Showing love or sexual desire). All these examples are potential messages.3. Functions of nonverbal communication1) repeatingWords are followed by nonverbal actions, which have the same meaning as t

6、he words. The nonverbal message is used to reinforce the meaning of the words.2) complementing Complementing generally adds more information to messages. For example, you say “Im pleased with your performance” to the performer. At the same time you pat him on the shoulder. Your patting accents what

7、you say. 3) substitutingSubstituting means performing some action instead of speaking.4) regulating Regulating means managing communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior. 5) contradicting Contradicting means that signals sent through nonverbal actions are opposite to the meanings containe

8、d in the verbal messages.4. Nonverbal communication: guideline and limitations Three problems related to the study of nonverbal communication:1) individual differences. We are more than our culture, and we are not all alike when it comes to values, attitudes, beliefs, and nonverbal communication.2)

9、making the differences more important than they really are. 3) forgetting that nonverbal behaviors seldom occur in isolation.5. Nonverbal communication and culture Nonverbal messages can be divided into two types(p.153): 1) The categories that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement

10、, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage);2) The categories that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence)5.1 Body behavior 5.1.1 General appearance and dress1) Concern with how one appears is universal. But the standards we apply and judgments we m

11、ake are subject to cultural interpretations.In the USA, tall and slender women are regarded as attractive, but in Japan, diminutive women are the most attractive. In China, according to the book, women with simple hairstyles through self-decoration such as colorful scarves, jewelry, or makeup are at

12、tractive. 2) Clothing reflects a cultures value orientation. Modesty is highly valued among Arabs, so Muslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads. Germans need to dress correctly because values are related to status and authority.For the Spanish, because dress has denoted social status, p

13、eople of high status wear a suit and tie in very hot weather. In Japan the proclivity for conservative dress styles and color reflects the Japanese collectivism. 5.1.2 Body movement: KinesicsKinesics is the study of how movement communicates. Kinesic messages are those about (1)(3) on p.155. Accordi

14、ng to Dodd, kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication. 5.1.3 Posturea. Examples of posture:The Japanese bow. The following are the bowing ritual:(a) The person who occupies the lower station

15、begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper than the other persons.(b) The superior determines when the bowing is to end.(c) When the participants are of the equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.The wai movement of Thai people is used to show respect: Pres

16、sing both hands close together in front of ones body, with the fingertips reaching to about neck level. Americans often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand.The Germans and the Swedish regard slouching as a sign of rudeness and poor manners. In Turkey, putting ones hands into ones pockets is a

17、 sign of disrespect.b. The sitting mannerIn Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with ones legs crossed in extremely offensive.In Thailand, the feet should never be pointed in the direction of another person.5.1.4 Gestures1) Hand gesture20 common hand gestures have a different meaning in each culture. The h

18、and gesture of making a circle with ones thumb and index finger while extending the others has the meanings of the following in different cultures:a. OK in the USAb. Money in Japan and Koreac. Extreme hostility (with a baring of teeth)d. Vulgar connotation in Mexico and Germanye. “Ill kill you” in T

19、unisiaHand gestures depend on cultural background:a. Italians, Russians and Latin Americans are great hand moversb. Englishmen speak with few hand movementsAlmost any type of hand movement can be found in the United States, where body language is used to emphasize and reinforce the spoken languageIf

20、 you use hand movements in talking, you look (a) freer, (b) more open, (c) more honestBut sometimes if you limit your hand movements, you look (a) solid, (b) reliable, (c) confidentMisreading of hand gestures. e.g. the now famous clasped-hands-over-the-head gestureWhen Khrushchev went to America, he

21、 was seen to raise his clasped hands above his head. American newspapers carried many such photographs often captioned, Like a victorious prizefighter, as if to say that somehow or another Khrushchev was indicating that Russia was superior to the United States. However, this particular gesture by a

22、Russian is friendship, and nothing more. In America it is clearly a gesture of victory.2) Head movements. A nod denotes acceptance and shaking ones head indicates “no” in most cultures. But the Greeks have a different head movement when they communicate “no.” They jerk their heads back and raise the

23、ir faces. At the same time, they lift one or both hands up to shoulders strongly. 5.1.5 Facial expressionsScholars agree that cultural norms often dictate how, when, and to whom facial expressions are displayed. 1) Facial expressions connected with negative emotionsMen can be seen crying in public i

24、n Mediterranean cultures. But in most cultures, men suppress the desire to show negative emotions. American and Japanese males show the same facial expressions when they are alone, but the Japanese show neutral facial expressions in the presence of other people. 2) Facial expressions connected with

25、positive emotionsPeople in every culture smile, but the following aspects are different:a. the amount of smilingb. the stimulus that produces the smilec. what the smile is communicatingExamples:In the USA, a smile can be a sign of happiness or friendly affirmation.In Japan, a smile can a. mask a neg

26、ative emotion, and b. avoid answering a question.In Korea, too much smiling is regarded as the sign of a shallow person.In Thailand, people smile much of the time. So Thailand is called the Land of Smiles. 5.1.6 Eye contact and gaze1) Eye contact Examples:Functions of eye contact in the USA: (1)(6)

27、on p.158.In Japan, prolonged eye contact is considered rude, threatening, and disrespectful. In Latin American and Caribbean cultures, people also avoid eye contact in order to show respect. 2) GazeExamples:In the USA, an extended stare at a member of the same sex is often perceived as a signal of i

28、nterest and sexual suggestion. In Hopi culture, direct eye contact is regarded as offensive and the Hopi avoid any type of staring.In Navajo culture, a stare is literally an evil eye and implies a sexual and aggressive assault. 3) Eye contact with the strangerIn the USA, The following time periods a

29、re allowed to hold a strangers eyes in some situations: a. in an elevatorvery briefb. in a crowded bus (subway, train) or walking with a fellow pedestriansome 10 secondsIf you violate the unwritten law, you will create an awkward situation. And the only solution to such an awkward situation is to sm

30、ile and offer a casual remark, “How are you?” or “Nice day.”5.1.7 Touch1) Touching behavior differs completely in the worlds cultures. It can be divided into three classes:a. high contact b. moderate contactc. low contact2) Evaluation of touching behavior:a. high contact“close” contact is positive a

31、nd good while “far” contact is negative and badb. low contact“close” contact is negative and bad while “far” contact is positive and good3) Different touching behaviors in the worlds cultures:a. Touching behaviors of the same sexEngland, Franceshaking hands lightly and quicklyThe South Pacific, East

32、ern and Western Europe, Far East, parts of Africashaking hands and waving at each other at a distanceParts of Europe, Latin America, the Middle Eastshaking hands followed by an embrace or a kiss on the cheek; Parts of Europeshaking hands by offering your arm, elbow, or shoulder Germanyshaking hands

33、firmly and stiffly Parts of Africa, India, the Middle Eastreserved for men (no handshaking between men)b. Touching behaviors of different sexesKoreamens handshaking differing from womensEastern Europethe woman extending her hand firstFrance and Russiathe man extending his hand firstGermanya man shak

34、es a womans hand before he shakes the hand of another man (lady first)Austria, Poland, Romaniahandshake accompanied by a kiss of womans hand by the manAmerican touching behaviorsvery individualnever touchingtouching oftenexchanging hugs, friendly punches, kissesshaking handsc. The mouth-to-mouth kis

35、s In most of the worlds cultures, it is popular; in some cultures, such as Balinese (巴厘岛的巴厘岛的) culture, Chamorro (查莫罗人查莫罗人(语语)的的) culture, Manus culture, Thonga (桑格人桑格人, 指莫桑比克农指莫桑比克农民民) culture of Africa, Lepcha (锡丹土锡丹土著的著的)雷布查雷布查) culture of Eurasia(欧亚大欧亚大陆陆), it is considered dangerous, unhealthy,

36、 disgusting. d. Touching behaviors in public between unmarried males and females In many Middle Eastern and Asian countries, touching behaviors in public between unmarried males and femalesdiscouraging physical affectionkissing on both cheeks (brushing cheeks while kissing the hair)kissing triply e.

37、 Purposes of nonsexual kiss in the Western cultures greeting and farewell affectionreligious or ceremonial symbolismdeference to a person of higher statusmaking the hurt go awayblessing sacred vestmentssealing a bargain5.1.8 Smell Odor also communicates. Elements of smell that affect the meaning: (1

38、)(4) on p.161.e.g. In Bali, when lovers greet one another, they breathe deeply in a kind of friendly sniffing Young Filipino lovers exchange small pieces of clothing on parting, so that the smell of the other person will evoke their affection for each other. Filipinos even do not bathe enough.Japane

39、se young girls often play a game involving the placing of five fragrances in tiny boxes. The girl who identifies the most aromas wins the game. Most Arabs perceive a persons smell as an extension of the person. 5.1.9 Paralanguage Paralanguage refers to any aspect of vocal behavior which can be seen

40、as meaningful but is not described as part of the language system.Thus, in particular, aspects of voice quality, loudness, and overall pitch of speech; of the use of hesitation; of intonation to the extent that it is not covered by an account of phonology. By the nature of this definition, the bound

41、aries of paralanguage are (unavoidable) imprecise. According to Dodd, paralanguage is that set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning. In other words, speech carries symbolic cues, not only through verbal and nonverbal cues, but also through vocal qualities to which va

42、rious linguistic systems ascribe meaning. Paralanguage is related to how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words (p.162)Paralanguage includes the following three kinds: 1) vocal characterizers, 2) vocal qualifiers, and 3) vocal segregates. (p.163) Many people understand our

43、emotional involvement and sensitivity from vocal and facial cues.In this way, our vocalics may reveal our feelings to others. Thai people use silence to show respect, agreement, or even disagreement, depending upon how the silence is used. Also, speaking softly shows good manners and education. Cons

44、equently, many Thais feel that the people in the USA are angry because Americans speak more loudly than Thais. 5.2 Space and distance 5.2.1 Personal space 1) Two types of boundaries:a. visible boundarythe skin which separates a living thing from its external environment b. invisible boundaryan invis

45、ible bubble of space Here we compare personal space to the bubble which is characterized by transparency. 2) Personal space depends on:a. relationship to the people nearbyb. the persons emotional statec. cultural backgroundd. the activity being performed3) Mobile territory (personal space) differs f

46、rom culture to culturea. northern Europelargeb. southern France, Italy, Greece, Spainsmaller so that people think nothing of pushing and shoving each otherc. the USA2 to 4 feet d. Japanclose. But the Japanese keep rigid boundaries so as to preserve a formality and an aloofness (distance). e. Arabic

47、countriesclose. The Arabs have spacious and empty houses, but they huddle together.4) When to be aloneWhen Arabs want to be alone, they just cut off the lines of communication and withdraw. That is, if an Arab wants to be alone, he just stops communicating with others. It is a typical behavior when

48、the Arab wants to be alone. But this kind of withdrawal is an insulting behavior in the eyes of Americans. 5) Proper interpretation of personal distance in intercultural communication.When you feel that a foreigner appears aggressive and pushyremote and coldit means nothing but the difference betwee

49、n his or her personal distance and yours.6) Case studyNow discuss the following story by an American scholar:A conversation I once observed between a Latin and a North American began at one end of a forty-foot hall. I watched the two conversationalists until they had finally reached the other end of

50、 the hall. Why did the Latin American and the North American begin their conversation at one end of a forty-foot hall but finally they reached the other end of the hall? North Americans and Latin Americans have different proper distances when talking to a business acquaintance. For North Americans,