应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后标准答案和课本知识翻译).doc

,. Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry I. Comprehension. 1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets. 1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose. 2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated. 3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet. 4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex. 5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death. 6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this. III. Translation. 1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation 2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise. 3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times. 4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment. 5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it. IV. Translation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。 V. Solution: （1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams. If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu. 12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu （2） First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation. The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time. Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances I. Comprehension 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.B II. Give the systematic name for the following ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum; silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion. carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion; chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion; dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion; oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion; sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion; sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion. III. Complete the table. Formula Old name Systematic name FeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide Sn(OH)2 tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)4 tin(IV) hydroxide Hg2SO4 mercury (I) sulfate HgSO4 mercury (II) sulfate NaCLO sodium hypochlorite K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu3(AsO4)2 copper(II) arsenate Cr(C2H3O2)3 chromium(IV) acetate IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid H2CO3 carbonic acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HBr hydrobromic acid H4SiO4 silicic acid H3AsO4 arsenic acid V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence. 1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation 1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated. 2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question. 3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas. 4. The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected. 5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment. VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved) Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid: Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pKa=3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (pKa=9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored. ………….. VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution. Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2eam- → H2 + 2CH3GeH2- (2) I2 + 2eam- → 2I- (3) (C2H5)2S + 2eam- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2- Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons I. Comprehension 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system 1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane 2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2-methylpentane 3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)2 5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane 5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)2 4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 6 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2 isobutylcyclobutane 7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3 2-chloro-3-hexene 9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH3 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne 10 CH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne 11 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH3 4-methyl-2-pentanol 12 CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3 3-hexen-2-ol 13 (CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol 14 (CH3)3C-OCH2H5 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 15 (CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H5 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 16 (CH2OH)2 1,2-ethanediol 17 CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol 18 CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol 19 CH3CH2NH2 aminoethane 20 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3 N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane III. Draw structures for the following compounds. 1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C 2 3-methy-2-heptene 3 cyclohexene 4 2-pentyne C-CC-C-C 5 3,3-dimethylhexyne 6 3-bromotoluene 7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl 8 acetylene CC 9 para-dichlorobenzene 10 m-chlorobromobenzene 11 toluene 12 chlorobenzene 13 1,2-dibromobenzene 14 naphthalene 15 anthracene 16 phenanthrene 17 2-methyl-1-propanol 18 Cyclohexanol 19 Methoxyethene 20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence. 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C V. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name. (…………) Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives I. Comprehension 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below. 1.brought out 2.dozen or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down into III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks. 1.with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.into IV. Translation 1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others 2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.) 3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules). 4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions. 5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water. V. Translation 玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。 Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Spectroscopy I. Comprehension 1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B II. Fill in the blanks of; as; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into. III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form. 1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of ….as 4.As compared with 5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contrast with as against 9. owing to 10.Except for. Unit 17 Crystallisation I. Comprehension 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below. Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall. III. Choose the item from (1) ~ (6) that best matches the item in(a) ~ (f) to make a correct sentence. 1~a; 2~b; 3~c; 4~d; 5~e; 6~f VI.Translate the following into Chinese 共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏； 十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。 Uint18 Distillation I. Comprehension 1.B 2.D 3.A 4. A II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below. 1.In order to 2.in relation to 3. in the case of 4.in the end 5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way 掌握以下词汇: flashdistillation闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流 ;equilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir 堰; redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备;overhead product 塔顶产物; enthalpy 焓; intersection 交点; auxiliary辅助装置; rectifying section精馏段 ;reflux回流; reboller 再沸器; stripping section 汽提（提馏）段;bottom product 塔底产物 Unit 21 catalysis I. Comprehension 1.A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.C IV. Translate the following sentences into English (1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst (2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which mechanisms are generally consistent (3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body. V. Translate the following into English reaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative analysis; selectivity; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon（or nylon）;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry. Unit 22 Cosmetics introduction I. Comprehension 1.D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False. II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below. Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment; different; proposed. III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks. 1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for(to) 5. of ,about. V、Translate the following into English. 对亚苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，头皮屑，洗剂， N-亚硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的， 未成熟（or早熟），香波（or洗发剂）， 激素（荷尔蒙）， 防汗剂， 诱变性， 脱臭剂（芳香剂）， 推论（必然结果）， 甘油 VI、Translate the following sentences into English surfactant；environmental pollution；emulsifier；side-effect；dirt；detergent； perspiration；preservative. PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY Unit7Chemical Bonds 化学键 There are approximately 100 chemical elements. 世界上大概有100种元素。 There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year. 现有数百万种化合物，而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。 To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations. be held together in specific combinations 以特定的方式 为了合成这些化合物，不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起。 Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements. That引导定语从句，修饰forces 化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。 Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter. plays a role 起作用 化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。 At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding. 在室温下，水是液体，二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是由于化学键的不同。 As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds. As引导原因状语从句 to manipulate the structure of compounds不定式短语做宾补 随着化学家对化学键认识的发展，他们获得了控制化合物结构的能力。 Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and () have dramatically changed the way we live. 炸药、避孕药、合成纤维，和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来，并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。 We are now entering an era that promises (some would say forebodes) even greater change. 我们现在进入了一个可望（或者说预言）更大变化的时代。 The DNA molecular—— the chemical basis of heredity —— carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA. 分子DNA——遗传物质的基础——以它的键传递遗传信息。 Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangement of bonds in DNA. Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human做主语 无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人，都是由于DNA的键的组合方式决定的。 Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds, and this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter. Them, limited control over the structure of living matter双宾语 科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力，而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。 As techniques of genetic engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes. 随着基因工程的发展，科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。 Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forces that control the structure of matter, living and nonliving. That引导定语从句修饰forces， living and nonliving，动名词，matter得同位语，修饰matter 让我们开始对化学键的论述，并由此理解控制物质，包括有生命体和无生命体，的结构的力。 Ionic Bond 离子键 Let us look at an atom of the element sodium (Na). 我们看一下钠原子。 It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight in the second, and one in the third. the first energy level第一能级 the second energy level第二能级 the third energy level第三能级 It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the second energy level, and one is in the third energy level. 它有11个电子，其中2个电子在第一能级，8个电子在第二能级，1个电子在第三能级。 If the sodium atom could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have the same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon (Ne). called a sodium ion 分词短语做非限定，修饰product noble gas 如果钠原子能够失去1个电子，产物称为钠离子，就和惰性气体氖（Ne）具有相同的电子结构。 Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion (Na+)