小学英语语法重要资料归纳分析情况总结.doc

-! 一、名 词 表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。 强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was；最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判 断，以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”： a．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和 元音后读[z]。 b．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；读音：[iz]。 c．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；读音：[z]。 d．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；读音：[z]。 e．以“o”结尾的词，分两种情况 1）有生命的+es 读音：[z] 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes 2) 无生命的+s 读音：[z] 如：photo-photos radio-radios f. 不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量，就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量 词+of”。例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice 判断步骤： ↗如是am、is或was→原形 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 ↘如是are或were→加s或es 练一练： 1、写出下列各词的复数。 I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ leaf_______ people________ 2、用所给名词的正确形式填空。 （1）Are there two ( box ) on the table? （2）I can see some ( people ) in the cinema. （3）How many ( day ) are there in a week? （4）Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you. （5）This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there. 二、冠 词 冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，通常放在名词的前面，分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。 1、不定冠词：a、an。用在单数名词前，表示“一个，一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开头的单词前。如： an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour… 2、定冠词：the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思，有时翻译为这、那。它的基本用法： （1）用来表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new. （2）表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please. （3）表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful. （4）用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球 （5）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Great Wall长城 （6）用在江河、湖海等专有名词前。如：the Changjiang River长江 （7）此外，序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词the。如： the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class 确定用a、an还是the时可根据汉语意思。 练一练： 1、用a或an填空。 ____ “U”____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper____ teapot ____apple ____office ____English book ____umbrella ____unit ____hour 2、根据需要，填写冠词a，an或the。 （1）Who is____girl behind____tree? （2）____old man has two children,____ son and____daughter. （3）This is____ orange.____ orange is Lucy’s. （4）He likes playing____guitar. We have____same hobby. （5）We all had____good time last Sunday. （6）She wants to be____doctor. 三， 数 词 我们学过两类：基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少，而基数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。区别：基数词前面没有“the”；序数词前一定要有“the”。 1、超过二十以上的两位数需要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如：21 twenty-one 2、三位数以上的则需要在百位数后再加上and。如：101 a/one hundred and one 3、用基数词来修饰可数名词时，一定别忘了它的复数形式。如：十八个男孩 eighteen boys 4、用基数词修饰不可数名词时，如是复数，变它的量词为复数。 如：两碗米饭 two bowls of rice 5、序数词一般加“th”，特殊的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二 十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”：前面整十不变，后面“几”改为序 数词。如：88 eighty-eighth 练一练： 1、请翻译下列短语。 （1）60名学生 （2）15本英语书 （3）九杯凉水 （4）4个孩子 （5）12月31 （6）6月2日 （7）第九周 （8）40年前 （9）11+7 （10）上学第一天 2、把下列基数词改成序数词。 one--- two--- three--- nine--- fourteen--- twenty--- thirty-five---eighty-one 四、代 词 代词有两种：人称代词和物主代词。 1、人称代词分为：第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。 2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语，一般用在动词前（疑问句除外）；宾格在句中做宾语，多 用于动词、介词后。 3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，后面一定要跟名词，表示该名词是属于谁的。 4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如： This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers. 一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词；如无，就用名词性物主代词。 请牢记下表： 　 单数 　 复数 人称 代词 主格 I you he she it 　 we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物主 代词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 练一练： 1、按要求写出相应人称代词。 I（宾格）_______ she（形容词性物主代词）_______ we（名词性物主代词）_______ he（复数）_______ us（单数）_______ theirs（主格）_______ its（宾格）_______ 2、想一想，把下表补充完整。 人称代词 物主代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 me us our 第二人称 you you 第三人称 he them his their her it its 3、用所给词的适当形式填空。 1）That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I ) 2）The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she ) 3）Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) 4）_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) 5）_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you ) 6）Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they ) 7）I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 8）Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they ) 9）Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we ) 10）_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 11）Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) 12）Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it ) 13）_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) 14）The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she ) 五、形容词、副词 1、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词有三种形式：原形、比较 级、最高级。比较级：+er 最高级：the …+est 两个重要特征：as……as中间一定用原形，than的前面一定要+er。 2、形容词、副词比较级的规则变化如下： （1）一般直接+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词如果以-e结尾，只加-r。如：late - later （2）重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写这个字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er。如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier （4）双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如：beautiful - more beautiful, careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting （5）有些不规则变化的，须逐一加以记忆。如：good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder… 练一练： 1、写出下列形容词、副词的比较级。 big good long tall old short thin heavy young fat light strong high far low early late well fast slow 2、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1) I can swim as_______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think. 2) Look! His hands are_______ ( big ) than mine. 3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates. 4) Whose bag is_______ ( heavy ), yours or mine? 5) Does Jim run as_______（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them. 6) You have seven books, but I have_______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten. 7) I jump_______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class. 8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s_______ ( thin ) than me. 9) It gets_______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here. 六、介 词 1、一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语，才能在句子中起作用。 有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, from…to…, at the back of… 2、表示时间的介词有：at, on, in。（1）at表示“在某一个具体的时间点上”，或用在固定词组中。如：at ten o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…（2）on表示“在某日或某日的时间段”。如：on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning…（3）in表示“在某一段时间（月份、季节）里”。如：in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 2005… 3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue（穿着蓝色的衣服），in English（用英语表达），take part in（参 加）。 练一练： 1、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。 1) What’s this_______ ( at, on, in ) English? 2) Christmas is_______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December. 3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father. 4) He doesn’t do well_______ ( at, on, in ) PE. 5) Look at those birds_______ ( on, in ) the tree. 6) We are going to meet_______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop_______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten. 7) Is there a cat_______ ( under, behind, in ) the door? 8) Helen’s writing paper is_______ ( in, in front of ) her computer. 9) We live_______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now. 10) Does it often rain_______ ( at, on, in ) spring there? 2、圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词，并将正确的答案写在横线上。 1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now. 3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May? 5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning. 7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English? 9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival? 七、动 词 这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称，其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词（就是我们平时总说的那种动词）。 动词、名词和形容词不太容易区分，如不能一眼看出，可用如下方法： 先用“一（量词）”（如：一个、一张等）和这个词连起来说，如说得通，一般认为是名词；说不通再用“很”去判断，就是把“很”和为个词连起来说，说得通一般就是形容词；都说不通就是动词。（目前我们学过的，以后可能不同）（另外一些很明显的，如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道） 1、be动词（ am, is, are, was, were ） 1）am—was, is –was, are--were 口诀：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，所有复数全用are。 2）肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small. 3）一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. 4）be动词的否定形式：am not（没有缩写形式），are not = aren’t ，is not = isn’t 。 用恰当的be动词填空。 练一练： 1、用be动词的适当形式填空。 1）I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 2）The girl______ Jacks sister. 3）The dog _______ tall and fat. 4）The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5）______ your brother in the classroom? 6）How _______ your father? 7）Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 8）Whose dress ______ this? 9）Whose socks ______ they? 10）Who ______ I? 11）The jeans ______ on the desk. 12）Here ______ a scarf for you. 13）Here ______ some sweaters for you. 14）The black gloves ______ for Su Yang. 15）This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling. 16）The two cups of milk _____ for me. 17）Some tea ______ in the glass. 18）Gao shans shirt _______ over there. 19）My sisters name ______Nancy. 20）______ David and Helen from England? 21）There ______ a girl in the room. 22）There ______ some apples on the tree. 23）_______ there any apple juice in the bottle? 24）There _______ some bread on the plate. 25）You, he and I ______ from China. 26）There _______ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park. 2、助动词（ do, does, did ） do, does用于一般现在时，其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定形式：do not = don’t, does not = doesn’t, did not = didn’t。 注意：在一般现在时中，does用于第三人称单数，其余一律用助动词do；助动词do, does, did后面一定要用动词原形。 练 1、用适当的助动词填空。 1) ______you like this magazine? 2) The girl______like bread for breakfast. 3) ---What______ she______ at the weekends? ---She usually plays games with her friends. 4) ---Wha______ you do last Sunday? ---I wrote to my friend. 5) ---Did you see a Beijing opera? ---No, I______. 6) He______not visit a farm last National Day holiday. 7) They______ not like playing volleyball. 8) ---______Jim have a picnic with his family every Saturday? ---Yes, he . 9)______Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day? 10) ---How many kites______we have? ---We have ten. 2、找出下列句子中的错误，将序号填入题前括号内，并改正。 ( ) 1) Did you had a big lunch with your family last Spring Festival? A B C ( ) 2) ---What do the boy have in his pencil-box? ---He has a rubber. A B C ( ) 3) They doesn’t like the film. A B C ( ) 4) Do Jim get up at six everyday? A B C ( ) 5) Dont giving the ball to Liu Tao. A B C 3、情态动词 情态动词也是一类特殊的动词，平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。 我们现在学过的情态动词有：can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must。 注意：情态动词后动词总是用原形。（不受其他任何条件影响） 其否定形式：can not = can’t, must not = mustn’t, … 注意：may not和shall not（无缩写形式） 练一练： 选择填空。 ( ) 1) The sign on the wall means you______stay away from the building. A. must B. can’t C. shouldnt ( ) 2) How many books______ you see on the desk? A. may B. can C. should ( ) 3) It means you______ make noise in the library. A. should B.. shouldnt C. can ( ) 4) ---______you like a glass of milk? --- Yes, please. A. May B. Could C. Would ( ) 5) ---______you see the sign over there? --- Sorry, I can’t. A. Can B. Can’t C. Should ( ) 6)______ we go to the park by bus? A. May B. Must C. Shall 4、行为动词 就是我们平时上课时说的动词，表示某一动作或行为。如：sweep、live等。行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式：原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词（也叫动名词）+ing、过去式+ed。 （1）动词第三人称单数变化规则： A、一般直接加“s”，如：play – plays, visit – visits, speak – speaks ； B、以“s”，“x”，“sh”，“ch”结尾时，加“es”，如：catch – catches, watch – watches ； C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时，变“y”为“i”再加“es”，如：carry – carries, study – studies 。 （2）现在分词（动名词）构成规则： A、一般直接加“ing”，如：go – going, do – doing, look – looking ； B、以不发音的“e”结尾的单词，去“e” 加“ing”，如：take – taking, make – making, have – having ； C、以重读闭音节结尾的词，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需要双写这个字母再加“ing”，如： put – putting, stop – stopping, run – running, get – getting, swim – swimming, sit – sitting, begin – beginning, jog – jogging, forget – forgetting 。 （3）过去式构成规则： A、一般直接加“ed”，如：plant – planted, visit – visited, pick – picked ； B、以不发音字母“e”结尾，直接加“ed”，如：like – liked, hope – hoped, taste – tasted ； C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时，变“y”为“i”再加“ed”，如：try – tried, carry – carried, study – studied ； D、有些动词要双写最后一个字母，再加“ed”，如：stop – stopped ； E、还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的，请记忆： 是-am(be)-was-being； 是-are(be)-were-be