初中英语语法_.doc
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1、第一章、词的种类一、名词1.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念名称的词。2.名词的分类 1)按意义可分为专有名词和普通名词a.专有名词:是个别人、地点以及专门机构或团体的名称 Zhou Enlai、Beijingb.普通名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 个体名词:是一类人或物的个体的名称 city、bird集体名词:是一些人或物的总称 family、team物质名词:是物质或一般无一定形状或大小的实物的名称 water、sand抽象名词:是状态、品质等抽象概念的名称music、courage 2)按可数性分为可数名词和不可数名词a.不可数名词:不能用数目计算的事物
2、和概念的名词b.可数名词: 能用数目计算的事物、人、概念的名词3.名词的复数变化形式1)在词尾加s . deskdesks dogdogs2)以s、x、ch、sh、z结尾的加es. busbuses fishfishes3)以辅音字母y结尾的,变y为i,再加es. partyparties4)以f、fe结尾的,变f、fe为v再加es.(树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮;架后窜出一只狼,吓得强盗逃命亡。)(leaf、half、self、wife、knife、shelf、wolf、thief、life)5)以o结尾的,加es.(黑人英雄喜欢土豆和西红柿)negro、hero、patato、tomat
3、o6)复合名词,若第一个词是man、woman,两部分都变复数 . women doctors7)单数复数同形的名词:deer、Chinese、Japanese、sheep、means、fish、jin等8)有连接符,若有名词,名词变复数;若无名词,词尾变复数。 lookeronlookerson 旁观者 growupgrowups 成年人9)复合名词变复数时,只把中心词变成复数:apple treeapple trees 10)不规则名词的复数:manmen 男人 womanwomen女人 footfeet脚 toothteeth 牙齿goosegeese鹅 mousemice老鼠 chil
4、dchildren小孩 oxoxen公牛 basisbases基础 GermanGermans 德国人11)有些名词只有复数形式:scissors剪刀 clothes衣服 trousers/ pants裤子shorts短裤 people人们 police 警察12)缩写、数字、字母常加s :1990s 20世纪90年代 three As三个A ,也可不加,1990s13)不可数名词的量的概念由量词短语来表示:a piece of news 一条信息 two glasses of water 两瓶水14)部分不可数名词加s后,意思会改变或表示巨大的量。air空气airs架子 good好事good
5、s货物 time时间times 时代snow雪snows雪原 sand沙子sands沙漠15)有的名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词.a room一个房间 room空间 a chicken 一只小鸡chicken鸡肉 a glass 一个玻璃杯glass 玻璃a beef 一头菜牛beef牛肉 4.名词的所有格 1)在词尾加s : the boys mother2)以s结尾的复数名词加: the two boys mother3)不以s结尾的复数名词加s: the childrens mother4)表时间、自然现象、国家、工作群体也加s: a months time5) 以s结尾的名词后,可加s
6、也可加: my boss (s) office 6) 若表示某物两人共有,只在后者加s. Lucy and Lilys bike7) 若表示两人分别拥有某物时,都加s. Theyare Lucys and Lilys bags.8) 表示无生命的名词,与of连用 : the leg of the table9) 双重所有格:ofs结构 a friend of Toms5.名词在句子中的作用 名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语和独立成分。 Jane is a teacher .(主Jane,表teacher.)We elected Tom monitor .(宾Tom,宾
7、补monitor)Jim, we students should respect teachers.(独Jim,同students)The color pens are useful .( 定color) 名词练习题( ) 1 My father is a_. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer ( ) 2 Which of the following is right?A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.C. China has ma
8、ny populations.( ) 3 In England, the last name is the _.A. full name B. family name C. middle name( ) 4 The letter is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathers C. my father friend( ) 5Fold the paper_ and cut along the fold.A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves( ) 6 You played the
9、 violin wonderfully. Will you please play another_?A. one B. game C. piece ( ) 7 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her( ) 8_ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows( ) 9Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes ( )
10、 10 Kate is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister ( ) 11 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lily and Lucys ( ) 12 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms ( )13 September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day
11、 B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day ( )14 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers ( ) 15 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letters( ) 16 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers. A. women doctor B.
12、women doctors C. woman doctors ( ) 17If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. pair( )18 How many _ were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police ( ) 19 _ Chinese people is _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; a( ) 20 Lets mee
13、t at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park( )21I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. the works( ) 22 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people( ) 23 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some wood
14、s C. wooden( ) 24 She was very happy. She _ in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes( ) 25 We need some more_. A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes ( )26 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife,used B. Knives,used C. Knife,using( ) 27What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth
15、B. teeth C. tooths ( )28 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf( )29They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information ( ) 30He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice( )31 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A.
16、some news B. a news C. the news( ) 32 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. a( ) 33 It really took him_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. some time( )34 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a piece of( )35 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair o
17、f shoe C. two pair of shoes ( ) 36 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany ( )37 In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes( ) 38 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Australian B. JapaneseC. American( )39
18、 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens( ) 40 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms二、冠词1.不定冠词:(a用于辅音音素前),(an用于元音音素前).1)表示某类人或事物当中的一个 a student2)表示数量,相当于one. a year 3)表示某个,相当于a certain. A Mr Qiao4)指事物的单位,相当于every
19、 . once a month5)与an连用的字母有:a.e.f.h.i.l.m.n.o.r.s.x. 6)用于两件通常配在一起的物品前,第二个名词前不用冠词:a knife and fork 一副刀叉 7)用于某些物质名词前,表示一种、它的产品或数量关系 a glass 玻璃杯 a heavy rain 一场大雨 8)用于不可数的抽象名词前,表示某种具体的情况或概念 He has a knowledge of English .他精通英语 9)用于专有名词前,表示某人或某家的一个成员 A Mrs.Green wants to see you . 一位格林夫人要见你2定冠词的用法1)世界上独一
20、无二的名词前: the sun 2)序数词及形容词和副词的最高级前: the first lesson the longest river3)表示一类人或物: the old4)the姓氏s,表示一家人或一对夫妇: the Greens5)普通名词构成的专有名词: the Great Wall6)山脉、河流、海洋等专有名词前: the Huangshan Mountains7)第二次提到某物: I have a penThe pen is new8)特指比较级时: The elder of the two is me 9)用于乐器前: the piano 10)用于可数名词的单数前,统指类别:
21、The horse is a useful animal .11)用于发明物的单数名词前:Who invented the telephone ? 12)用于名词前,构成同位语:The poet LiBai 13)用于自然现象的名词前:The wind was blowing . 14)与表示计算单位的名词连用,含每、每一的意思:be paid by the hour 计时取酬15)用于逢十的数词的复数形式前:in the 1970s 在二十世纪七十年代中 3.零冠词1)turn、go做“变成”解时,后面的表语名词前:He turned writer.2)普通名词+as开始的让步从句中,该普通
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