初中英语语法_.doc

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1、第一章、词的种类一、名词1.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念名称的词。2.名词的分类 1)按意义可分为专有名词和普通名词a.专有名词：是个别人、地点以及专门机构或团体的名称 Zhou Enlai、Beijingb.普通名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 个体名词：是一类人或物的个体的名称 city、bird集体名词：是一些人或物的总称 family、team物质名词：是物质或一般无一定形状或大小的实物的名称 water、sand抽象名词：是状态、品质等抽象概念的名称music、courage 2)按可数性分为可数名词和不可数名词a.不可数名词：不能用数目计算的事物

2、和概念的名词b.可数名词： 能用数目计算的事物、人、概念的名词3.名词的复数变化形式1)在词尾加s . deskdesks dogdogs2)以s、x、ch、sh、z结尾的加es. busbuses fishfishes3)以辅音字母y结尾的，变y为i，再加es. partyparties4)以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v再加es.（树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，吓得强盗逃命亡。）（leaf、half、self、wife、knife、shelf、wolf、thief、life）5)以o结尾的，加es.（黑人英雄喜欢土豆和西红柿）negro、hero、patato、tomat

3、o6)复合名词，若第一个词是man、woman，两部分都变复数 . women doctors7)单数复数同形的名词：deer、Chinese、Japanese、sheep、means、fish、jin等8)有连接符，若有名词，名词变复数；若无名词，词尾变复数。 lookeronlookerson 旁观者 growupgrowups 成年人9)复合名词变复数时，只把中心词变成复数：apple treeapple trees 10)不规则名词的复数：manmen 男人 womanwomen女人 footfeet脚 toothteeth 牙齿goosegeese鹅 mousemice老鼠 chil

4、dchildren小孩 oxoxen公牛 basisbases基础 GermanGermans 德国人11)有些名词只有复数形式：scissors剪刀 clothes衣服 trousers/ pants裤子shorts短裤 people人们 police 警察12)缩写、数字、字母常加s :1990s 20世纪90年代 three As三个A ,也可不加,1990s13)不可数名词的量的概念由量词短语来表示：a piece of news 一条信息 two glasses of water 两瓶水14)部分不可数名词加s后，意思会改变或表示巨大的量。air空气airs架子 good好事good

5、s货物 time时间times 时代snow雪snows雪原 sand沙子sands沙漠15)有的名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词.a room一个房间 room空间 a chicken 一只小鸡chicken鸡肉 a glass 一个玻璃杯glass 玻璃a beef 一头菜牛beef牛肉 4.名词的所有格 1)在词尾加s ： the boys mother2)以s结尾的复数名词加： the two boys mother3)不以s结尾的复数名词加s： the childrens mother4)表时间、自然现象、国家、工作群体也加s： a months time5) 以s结尾的名词后，可加s

6、也可加： my boss (s) office 6) 若表示某物两人共有，只在后者加s. Lucy and Lilys bike7) 若表示两人分别拥有某物时，都加s. Theyare Lucys and Lilys bags.8) 表示无生命的名词，与of连用 ： the leg of the table9) 双重所有格：ofs结构 a friend of Toms5.名词在句子中的作用 名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语和独立成分。 Jane is a teacher .(主Jane,表teacher.)We elected Tom monitor .（宾Tom，宾

7、补monitor）Jim, we students should respect teachers.(独Jim，同students)The color pens are useful .( 定color) 名词练习题( ) 1 My father is a_. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer ( ) 2 Which of the following is right?A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.C. China has ma

8、ny populations.( ) 3 In England, the last name is the _.A. full name B. family name C. middle name( ) 4 The letter is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathers C. my father friend( ) 5Fold the paper_ and cut along the fold.A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves( ) 6 You played the

9、 violin wonderfully. Will you please play another_?A. one B. game C. piece ( ) 7 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her( ) 8_ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows( ) 9Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes ( )

10、 10 Kate is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister ( ) 11 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lily and Lucys ( ) 12 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms ( )13 September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day

11、 B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day ( )14 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers ( ) 15 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letters( ) 16 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers. A. women doctor B.

12、women doctors C. woman doctors ( ) 17If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. pair( )18 How many _ were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police ( ) 19 _ Chinese people is _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; a( ) 20 Lets mee

13、t at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park( )21I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. the works( ) 22 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people( ) 23 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some wood

14、s C. wooden( ) 24 She was very happy. She _ in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes( ) 25 We need some more_. A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes ( )26 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife,used B. Knives,used C. Knife,using( ) 27What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth

15、B. teeth C. tooths ( )28 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf( )29They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information ( ) 30He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice( )31 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A.

16、some news B. a news C. the news( ) 32 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. a( ) 33 It really took him_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. some time( )34 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a piece of( )35 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair o

17、f shoe C. two pair of shoes ( ) 36 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany ( )37 In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes( ) 38 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Australian B. JapaneseC. American( )39

18、 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens( ) 40 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms二、冠词1.不定冠词：（a用于辅音音素前）,（an用于元音音素前）.1)表示某类人或事物当中的一个 a student2)表示数量，相当于one. a year 3)表示某个，相当于a certain. A Mr Qiao4)指事物的单位，相当于every

19、 . once a month5)与an连用的字母有：a.e.f.h.i.l.m.n.o.r.s.x. 6)用于两件通常配在一起的物品前，第二个名词前不用冠词：a knife and fork 一副刀叉 7)用于某些物质名词前，表示一种、它的产品或数量关系 a glass 玻璃杯 a heavy rain 一场大雨 8)用于不可数的抽象名词前，表示某种具体的情况或概念 He has a knowledge of English .他精通英语 9)用于专有名词前，表示某人或某家的一个成员 A Mrs.Green wants to see you . 一位格林夫人要见你2定冠词的用法1)世界上独一

20、无二的名词前: the sun 2)序数词及形容词和副词的最高级前: the first lesson the longest river3)表示一类人或物: the old4)the姓氏s，表示一家人或一对夫妇: the Greens5)普通名词构成的专有名词: the Great Wall6)山脉、河流、海洋等专有名词前: the Huangshan Mountains7)第二次提到某物: I have a penThe pen is new8)特指比较级时: The elder of the two is me 9)用于乐器前: the piano 10)用于可数名词的单数前，统指类别:

21、The horse is a useful animal .11)用于发明物的单数名词前：Who invented the telephone ? 12)用于名词前，构成同位语：The poet LiBai 13)用于自然现象的名词前：The wind was blowing . 14)与表示计算单位的名词连用，含每、每一的意思：be paid by the hour 计时取酬15)用于逢十的数词的复数形式前：in the 1970s 在二十世纪七十年代中 3.零冠词1)turn、go做“变成”解时，后面的表语名词前：He turned writer.2)普通名词+as开始的让步从句中，该普通

22、名词前：Child as Tom is ,you cant fool him .3)基数词用在名词后起序数词作用时所构成的词组：Lesson One World War 4）形容词最高级单独做表语时：Its best to go there by taxi .冠词练习题1. When I was a child, my mother always let me have _ bed.A. the breakfast in B. the breakfast in the C. breakfast in2. Beyond _ stars the astronaut saw nothing but

23、_ space.A. the, / B. /，the C. /，/3. Bell invented _ telephone in 1876.A. / B. a C. the4. After watching _ TV, she played _ violin for an hour.A. /，/ B. the, the C. /，the5. Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places.A. the, the B. /，/ C. the, / 6. Paper money was in _

24、 use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth century. A. the, / B. the, the C./，the7. Have you seen _bag? I left it here this morning. Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a8. She is _ newcomer to _ chemistry but she has already made some im

25、portant discoveries. A. the, the B. the, / C. a, /9. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today. A. a, / B. the, an C. the, the10 _ usually go to church every Sunday.A. The Brown B. A Brown C. The Browns11. The train is running fifty miles _.A. an hour B.

26、one hour C. the hour12. _ earth we live on is bigger than_ moon. A. The, a B. The, the C. An, a13. I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _bed. A. a, / B. a, the C. a, a14. Do you know _ lady in blue? A. the B. a C. an15. Wheres _ nearest supermarket?A. a B. an C. the16. The young man will work in _

27、 school as a maths teacher. A. the B. a C. an17. _ the meeting was very successful.A. On whole of B. On a whole C. On the whole 18. We found that more should be done for _ in India.A. those poor B. a poor C. the poor19. He grabbed(抓) me _ and pulled me onto the bus.A. a arm B. an arm C. by the arm20

28、. “How did you pay the workers?” “As a rule, they are paid _.”A. by an hour B. by the hour C. by a hour21. What _ exciting football match! A. a B. an C. the22. Fathers Day falls on _ third Sunday in _ June.A. the，/ B. the, a C./, the23. I have two dogs. _ black one is two years old and _ yellow one

29、is three years old. A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the24. _ new bridge has been built over _ Huangpu River.A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the25. What colour is _ orange? Its _ orange.A. an, an B. an, the C. an, /三、数词1.概说：表示数目多少（基数词）或顺序先后的词（序数词）2.数的运用1)一般以百位为单位读 1985 nineteen eightyfive nineteen hundred and eigh

30、tyfive 1806 eighteen o six eighteen hundred and six 1081 ten eightyone ten hundred and eightyone 1600 sixteen hundred 762AD AD762 seven sixtytwo（用于1000以内） 81BC eightyone BC 1960s nineteensixties2)年、月、日 3/1/1998 March the first，nineteen ninetyeight3)钟点5：00 five oclock 5：05 five o fivefive past five 5

31、：15 five fifteena quarter past five 5：30 five thirtyhalf past five 5：45 five fortyfivea quarter to six 5：55 five fiftyfivefive to six4)年龄基数词（years old） I am twenty years oldat the age of基数词 I went to school at the age of fifteenin ones ties I became a doctor in my thirties5)四则运算 Five and two is seve

32、n（）Two from six is four（）/Six minus two is fourNine times two is eighteen（）Three into nine is three（）Nine divided by three is three 6)分数、小数、百分数1/3 one third 2/3 two thirds 5 five and a half125 one point two five 0009 zero point zero zero nine05% zero point five percent 7)hundred,thousand,million,bil

33、lion,dozen(12),score(20)与of才用复数. Hundreds of people 数以百计的人 dozens of pens 成打的钢笔8)习语中使用基数词的复数： by twos and threes 三三两两地9)电话号码逐个读.7502251 :seven five o double two five one 10)序数词常与the连用，但表示又时，与a, an连用. the first time 第一次I will do it a second time .我将再做一次。（已做过一次了） 11)编码用“名词+基数词”表示时，着重编码；用“序数词+名词”表示时，着重

34、顺序：Lesson One the 106throom 3.基数词变序数词的规律： 基变序，有规律；一二三，特殊记；th从四起；八去t，九去e；f来把ve替；把y变成i和e；要是遇到几十几；只变个位就可以。(first.second.third.eighth.ninth.twelfth.twentieth.twenty-first) 数词练习题( ) 1 There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five

35、( )2 _people visit this museum every day.A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundreds of( ) 3 Every year _ watch NBA on TV.A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people ( ) 4I will do it _ time . A a third B the third C third ( ) 5 My brother is in_.A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade

36、 One C. Grade 1, Class 3 ( ) 6 We are going to learn_ this term.A. book six B. six book C. Book Six( ) 7 Please turn to_. Lets read the text aloud.A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page ( ) 8 We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this_. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty

37、-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five ( ) 9 The year 1999 should be read The year_. A. nineteen and ninety-nine B. nineteen ninety-nine C. one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine ( ) 10 He will come here _ tomorrow morning.A

38、. at fifth B. at ten C. on two ( ) 11 Every day he begins to do his homework _.A. at ten past seven B. at seven pass ten C. on ten past seventh( ) 12 He began to work there_. A. on his fifty B. at age of fifty C. in his fifties( ) 13 They moved to Beij ing _A. in 1980s B. in the 1980 C. in the 1980s

39、 ( ) 14 There are_ months in a year. December is the_month of the year.A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve( ) 15 During_ century, the world population has already reached 6 billion.A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth / D. the twenty( ) 16 Sunday is the_ day of the week.A. sev

40、enth B. first C. second ( ) ( ) 17 -Whats the date today? -Its_.A. Friday B. time to go C. June 4th( ) 18 Jenny was born_.A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 ( ) 19 About_ of the books in our school library are written in Chinese. A. four-fifth B. four-fifths C. fourth-fifths

41、 ( )20_ of the worlds books and newspapers are written in English. A. Three quarters B. Three quarter C. Thirds four 四、形容词和副词1.概说 形容词：用于修饰名词和代词，表示人或事物的性质和特征。 副词： 用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词2.比较级的构成1)加er、est. taller/tallest2)以e结尾的加r、 st. larger、largest3)以辅音字母y结尾的，变y为i再加er、est. busier 、busiest4)以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只

42、用一个辅音，双写这个辅音字母再加er、est. hotter、hottest5)多音节和部分双音节词在前面加more、most. More/the most careful6)不规则变化： good/wellbetterbest bad/illworseworst Many/muchmoremost oldolder/elderoldest/eldest littlelessleast farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest upupperuppermost tiredmore tiredthe most tired 3.比较级的用法 1)倍数as形容词、副词原

43、级as The ship is twice as wide as that one 2)the比较级主语谓语，the比较级主语谓语（越，越）The busier he is，the happier he is 3)than any other 单数名词可与最高级互换 He is taller than any other boy He is the tallest boy4)比较级and比较级（越来越，既，又）加more构成比较级形式的，只重复more, get older and older, run faster and better more and more beautiful 5)比较级用 much、far、rather、still、even、a lot、a little、a bit、a good deal 修饰. She is a little cleverer than him 4.两个或两个以上形容词连作定语时，不用and ,若表示同一