概念英语一语法学习知识重点情况总结.doc

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概念 英语 语法 学习 知识 重点 情况 总结
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.* 新概念英语第一册语法知识点包括一般现在时,现在进行时,一般过去时,现在完成时,一般将来时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时   1.一般现在时   表示一般性,经常性的动作或一般性事实。   含有be动词的句子   Heisateacher.   Thegirlisverybeautiful.   TimandJackarestudents.   ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首   Isheateacher?   Isthegirlverybeautiful?   AreTimandJackstudents?   ★变否定句在be动词后面加not   Heisnotateacher.   Thegirlisnotverybeautiful.   TimandJackarenotstudents.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,heis.No,heisnot.   Yes,sheis.No,sheisnot.   Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.   ★不含有be动词的句子,即含有一般动词的句子   第三人称单数及单数名词   Helikesbooks.   Shelikeshim.   Thedoglikesbones.   ★变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型   Doeshelikebooks?   Doesshelikehim?   Doesthedoglikebones?  ★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t,动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。   Hedoesn’tlikebooks.   Shedoesn’tlikehim.   Thedogdoesn’tlikebones.   ★肯定回答及否定回答:   Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.   Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn’t   Yes,itdoes.No,itdoesn’t. 注意:第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆,变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。   其他人称及复数名词   Iwanttohaveabath.   Wehavesomemeat.   Thestudentslikesmartteachers.   ★变疑问句在句首加do   Doyouwanttohaveabath?   Dowehaveanymeat?   Dothestudentslikesmartteachers?   ★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.   Youdon’twanttohaveabath.   Wedon’thaveanymeat.   Thestudentsdon’tlikesmartteachers.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.   Yes,wedo.No,wedon’t   Yes,theydo.No,theydon’t. 2.现在进行时: 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。   构成:主语+be动词+动词的现在分词+其它成分(现在分词的构成见附录)   Wearehavinglunch.   Heisreadingabook.   Thedogisrunningafteracat.   Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.   ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首   Arewehavinglunch?   Ishereadingabook?   Isthedogrunningafteracat?   Aretheboysswimmingacrosstheriver?   ★变否定句在be动词后面加not   Wearenothavinglunch.   Heisnotreadingabook.   Thedogisnotrunningafteracat.   Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.   ★特殊疑问句:what,which,how,where,who,etc.   疑问词+动词+主语+现在分词   Whatareyoudoing?   Whatisshedoing?   Whatisthedogdoing?   没有进行时的动词(必背)   表示状态,思想,感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作   1.表示感觉,感官的词   see,hear,like,love,want,   2.have,has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时  新概念英语第一册知识点之一般过去时:   一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件, 常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,   含有be动词的句子, 将动词变为过去式,am, is的过去式为was,are的过去式为were   I was at the butcher’s.   You were a student a year ago.   The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.   ★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首   Were you at the butcher’s?   Were you a student a year ago?   Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?   ★变否定句在be动词后面加not   I was not at the butcher’s.   You were not a student a year ago.   The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.   ★肯定回答否定回答   Yes, I was. No, I was not.   Yes, you were. No, you were not.   Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.   ★特殊疑问句:   What did you do?   (必背)   不含有be动词的句子,将动词变为过去式,动词过去式构成见附录   I finished my homework yesterday.   The boy went to a restaurant.   The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.   ★变疑问句在句首加did, 动词变为原型   Did you finish your homework yesterday?   Did the boy go to a restaurant?   Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?   ★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not   I did not finish my homework yesterday.   The boy did not go to a restaurant.   The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.   Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.   Yes, they did. No, they did not. 3.现在完成时:   现在完成时构成:主语+助动词have,has+过去分词   用法:   1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作,常和just,usually,already,since等时间副词连用   Ihavejusthadlunch.(饱了,不用再吃了)   Hehashadacupoftea.(不渴了,不用再喝)   Theyhavealreadyhadtheirholiday.(不能再度假了)   Theboyhasalreadyreadthebook.(已经知道书的内容了,不用再看了)   2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时:   Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?   HaveyoubeentoBeijing?   Haveheseenthefilm?   3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作   IhavelivedinBeijingfortwentyyears.   Ihaveworkedforthisschoolfor1year.   4)表示一种经历,经验:去过…地方,做过…事情,经历过…事情   Ihaveneverhadabath.   Ihaveneverseenafilm.   Ihaveneverbeentocinema.   IhaveeverbeentoParis.   Havebeento表示去过,havegoneto表示去了   IhavebeentoLondon.(人已经回来)   HehasgonetoLondon.(人还在那里)   5)表示一种结果,一般不和时间副词联用   Ihavelostmypen.   Ihavehurtmyself.   Hehasbecomeateacher.   Shehasbrokenmyheart.   句型变化:   ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首,变否定句在助动词后面加not.   e.g.Haveyoulostyourpen?Ihavenotlostmypen.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot.   ★特殊疑问句:   Whathaveyoudone?   Whathashedone?   一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:   凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时   注意:有些动词表示的动作有一个终点,不能再延续,因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用   错:I’veleftBeijingfor3days.   对:IleftBeijing3daysago.Ihavebeenawayfrombeingfor3days. 一般将来时:    一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作,经常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours’time,etc.  结构:主语+助动词will+动词原形  IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.  ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.  Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.   ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首   WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?  WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?  WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?   ★变否定句在助动词后面加not   IwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.  ThepilotwillnotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.  Jackwillnotmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,Iwill.No,Iwillnot.  Yes,he/shewill.No,he/shewillnot.  Yes,hewill.No,hewillnot.   ★特殊疑问句:   Whatwillyoudo? 4.过去完成时: 用法:在过去的时间里,两个动作中,发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。   结构:had+过去分词   Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.   TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.   ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.   After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号,如果放在主句后则不用加。   1、变疑问句将助动词移到句首   Hadshefinishedherhomework?   2、变否定句在助动词后面加not   Shehadn’tfinishedherhomework.   3、肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,shehad.No,shehadn’t.   4、特殊疑问句:   Whathadshedone? 5.过去进行时:   过去完成时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。   结构:was/were+doing   Whenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedsomecoinsonthefloor.   Whilewewerehavingdinner,myfatherwaswatchingTV. 6.过去将来时:   过去将来时的结构:would do   She said she would go here the next morning.   两个 特殊句型:there be 句型,be going to 结构   1) Be going to 结构   表示打算,准备,计划做某事   ★结构:主语+be动词+going to +动词原型   I am going to make a bookcase.   They are going to paint it.   The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.   ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首   Are you going to make a bookcase?   Are they going to paint it?   Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?   ★变否定句在be动词后面加not   I am not going to make a bookcase.   They are going to paint it.   The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes, I am. No, I am not.   Yes, they are. No, they are not.   Yes, he is. No, he is not.   ★特殊疑问句   What are you going to do?   What are they going to do?   What is the father going to do?   (必背)   2) There be 句型   表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)   There is+单数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)   There is a book in this room.   There is a pen on the table   There are+复数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)   There are two pens on the table.   There are three schools there.   ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首   Is there a book in this room?   Are there two pens on the table?   ★变否定句在动词后面加not   There is not a book in this room.   There are not two pens on the table.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes, there is. No, there is not.   Yes, there are. No, there are not. 问句:    一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句   1)一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语   Areyouateacher?Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?   2)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句   Whatisyourname?   3)选择疑问句:or   Doyouwantbeeforlamb?   4)反意疑问句:肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分,否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分   Youdon’tneedthatpen,doyou?   5)否定疑问句:一般疑问句+否定词   Aren’tyoulucky?Don’tyouwanthavearest? 知识点限定词:some,any,many,much    some,any修饰可数名词或不可数名词,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句,注意,当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some   many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词,在口语中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否定句中表示很多用many,much.   Ihavealotofmoney.Idon’thavemuchmoney. 名词:种类,复数,名词所有格  名词分为可数名词和不可数名词   1)不可数名词   无法分开的东西:water,tea,bread,milk,rice(米)   抽象的东西:love,beauty,coldness(寒冷)   不可数名词有以下特点:   不能用a,an修饰   不能加s   和单数be动词或动词搭配   2)可数名词:   单数可数名词要用冠词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化:   规则变化的名词复数形式   规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shellsbook→books   规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches,bus→buses,watch→watches   规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g.potato→potatoes,Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes,(口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿),剩下一般加s,radio→radios   规则4以f,fe结尾的,变f,fe为vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves,shelf→shelves,city→cities,wife→wives   规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skiesfly→flies  不规则变化的名词复数形式   man(men)woman(women)foot(feet)goose(geese)tooth(teeth)0   child(children)sheep(sheep)deer(deer)mouse(mice)fish(fish) 副词:用法及形容词变副词的变化  副词可以修饰形容词,动词,副词或整个句子。 如:   Thebookisverygood.   Herunsfast.   Shecameherequiteearly.   CertainlyIwillgowithyou.   副词变化形式:   直接在形容词后加-ly,   careful-carefully,slow-slowly,   以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,把y变I,加-ly,   happy-happily,lucky-luckily   有些词形容词和副词的形式相同,不需要做任何变化   fast,hard,late   有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远:   neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately 情态动词的使用:can,must,may,might,need   情态动词can(能够),must(必须),may(可以)   结构:主语+can/must/may+动词原型   Hecanmakethetea.   Sallycanairtheroom.   WecanspeakEnglish.   ★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首   Canhemakethetea?   CanSallyairtheroom?   CanwespeakEnglish?   ★变否定句在情态动词后面加not   Hecannotmakethetea.   Sallycannotairtheroom.   WecannotspeakEnglish.   ★肯定回答及否定回答   Yes,hecan.No,hecannot.   Yes,shecan.No,shecannot.   Yes,wecan.No,wecannot.   ★特殊疑问句:   Whatcanyoudo?   (必背)   注意:情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。   1)Must/haveto的区别   must表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,haveto是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做   must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而havetodo可以用在任何时态   2)must,may,might表示猜测:   mustdo表示对现在事实的猜测   musthavedone表示对过去事实的猜测   musthavebeendoing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测   may/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,might的可能性更小。   can’t/couldn’t表示不可能 need 用法:   "need"表示“需要”时为实意动词,后面可以加名词,也可以加不定式:   I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.   I need to have a rest.   Need doing=need to be done,表示被动   The flowers need watering.   Need在否定时做情态动词使用:   You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.   Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t. 不定代词及不定副词: Someanynoevery   thingsomethinganythingnothingeverything   onesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryone   wheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywhere   bodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody   1)Ilookedformybookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.   2)Ifyouwantgosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.   3)Help!Somebody?Anybody?   4)Youarereallysomething.   5)Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.   6)Wheredidyougo?Iwentnowhere.   7)Nobodyisathome.   8)Ihavenothingleft. 感叹句:   1)What+名词+主语+谓语   Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!   2)How+形容词+主语+谓语   Howbeautifulthegirlis! 祈使句:   第二人称:   let+其他人称代词   祈使句的否定,加don’t   反意疑问   祈使句(第二人称)   祈使句表示请求,命令,建议,邀请等,谓语动词一律用原型,句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹好或者句号,用降调。   ★肯定句动词原型 例,Comehere,please.Godownstairs,please.Standup.Sitdown.Bequiet.Becareful.   祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或者句尾   Comein,Amy.   Sitdownhere,Tom.   Mary,givemeabookplease.   ★否定:Dont+动词原型   Dontcomehere.   Don’tsitdown.   Don’tstandup.   Don’tgivemeit.   letsb.do   Letmepass.   Letushavearest.   Let’shavearest.   (反意疑问):   Let’shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?   Letusgooutforadrink,willyou? 倒装句:so/neither的倒装eg.   Hecanswim.SocanI.   Ididn’tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.   结构:   so/neither+be+主语   so/neither+助动词+主语   so/neither+情态动词+主语   一般现在时,do,does/am,is,are   现在进行时,am,is,are   一般过去时,did   现在完成时,have,has   一般将来时,will,shall,   过去进行时,was,were   过去完成时,had   过去将来时,would 直接引语/间接引语:   如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,人称,时间地点及指示词   1)时态变化:   一般现在时--一般过去时   现在进行时--过去进行时   一般过去时--过去完成时   现在完成时--过去完成时   一般将来时--过去将来时   begoingto--was/weregoingto/would   can--could   may--might   2)时间地点及指示词的变化:   here-there,tomorrow-thenextday,thefollowingday,this-that…   3)人称变化:根据句意改变人称   4)直接宾语/间接宾语   主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语   直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务,也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。   Hegivesmeabook.   me间接宾语,abook直接宾语   直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for   主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语   Givemeabook.   Givethebooktome.   Sendhisaletter.   Sendalettertohim.   Showhimthenewdress.   Showthenewdresstohim. 动词: 1)代词及be动词,第一人称第二人称第三人称……   主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey   宾格meusyouyouher/him/itthem   代词所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir   名词性代词mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirs   be动词现在时Amareareareisare   be动词过去时waswerewerewerewaswere   2)名词的复数   规则变化的名词复数形式   规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shellstoy→toys   规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches   规则3以o结尾s或+ese.g.radio→radiospotato→potatoes   规则4以f,fe结尾的,变f,fe为vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves   规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skiesstudy→studies   3)动词的第三人称单数形式   规则1一般情况+se.g.like-likes,look--looks   规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.do-does,catch--catches   规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.carry-carries,fly--flies   4)动词现在分词   规则一一般动词加-inge.g.look-looking,read-reading,play-playing   规则二以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-inge.g.make-making,take-taking,arrive-arriving   规则三重读闭音节词结尾,即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-inge.g.run-running,sit-sitting,get-getting,swim-swimming,stop--stopping   5)动词过去式   规则动词变化   规则一一般动词加-ede.g.look-looked,watch-watched,play--played   规则二以e结尾的加-de.g.make-maked,arrive--arrived   规则三以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-edcry-cried,carry-carried   规则四重读闭音节词结尾,即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-edstop-stopped,   过去式的读音   在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/e.g.walked,jumped   在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched   在/t/,/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hated    [page] 6)形容词和副词的比较级   比较级规则一一般加-ere.g.high-higher   规则二以结尾加-rnice-nicer   规则三以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-erbusy-busier,   规则四重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加-erfat-fatter,   形容词和副词的最高级   最高级规则一一般加-este.g.high-highest   规则二以结尾加-stnice-nicet   规则三以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-estbusy-busiest   规则四重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加--estfat-fattest   7)常见缩写:   is=’sIam=I’mare=’re   isnot=isn’t/iznt/arenot=aren’t/a:nt/   donot=don’t   doesnot=doesn’t   was=’s   didnot=didn’t   cannot=can’t   have=’ve   has=’s   havenot=haven’t   hasnot=hasn’t   will=’ll   willnot=won’t   shallnot=shan’t
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