概念英语第四册记录材料全套汇编.doc

-` L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the firstmodern men came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. New words and expressions recount /rikaunt/ v.叙述 / reikaunt/ 再数一次 record / rek[d/ /ri kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 portray：描述 saga /sa:g[/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ AnWr[pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/ rim[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil / fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人 fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民 １）migrant ２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由 so－自由 tool:小工具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造 may also have:表推测 peel:果皮 leather:皮革 hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without (any) trace:无影无踪 L 2 Spare that spider Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 ／flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 you are the same flock.也可指人 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboy throng and crowd swarm owe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词 正式：grateful thankful beast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容 creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性． Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will suffice on one＇s behalf 代表．．．利益 Ibeatyouonyourbehalf.我打你是为你好onbehalfofsomebody/something e.gonbehalfofchinesegovernmentonbehalfof＝represent authority/C:＇WCriti/n.权威authorize批准authoritative权威性的authoritarian独裁的 －tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者dictatorial独裁的 authorities１．权威（可单数可复数）２．当局（复数） census/sens[s/n.统计数据thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.censor审查 censorious挑剔的，挑刺的 acre/＇eik[/n.英亩１acre＝４０４７squaremeters footballpitch足球场footballyardfootballcourtfootballfield becontentwith满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构 Heiscontentwithstatusquo. contentedheart:心满意足的人 spare/spZ[/v.不伤害，宽恕sparemeHedoesntsparehimself. Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.(sparenoefforts:不遗余力作什么) Notesonthetext why,youmaywonder－youmaywonderwhy插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构 youmaywonderwhyspidersshouldbeourfriends？插入语位置不固定 why以疑问句开头 why,youmaywonder,theproblemofpollutionbefallshumanbeings. why,youmaywonder,oneofmyfriendsissokindhearted. destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光 tearintopieces greatestenemies:天敌dyingenemycryingenemy dearenemy humanrace:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词 impossible和possible永远不要以人开头 Itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething. likely可以以人做主语。iamlikelytogo.probable也不以人做主语 theywould表示假设 devour狼吞虎咽devourthefood makeacakeofmyselfmakeagodofmyselfdevourthebook it虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时 Ifitwerenotfor:如果这不是因为 Iwouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforhistimelyhelp. butfor一定是虚拟语气＝ifitwerenotfor owe感激，欠ioweyou. 引出主题 allofthemputtogether:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是kill destroyed后置定语，重心转到spider L 3 Mattonhorn Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop! Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed. Newwordsandexpressions 1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n．登山运动员 climbermountaineer 词根：alp-Alps(1.16)/$lps/n．阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj．阿尔卑斯山的 2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v．到达 togetto toarriveat/in toattainonesgoal=realize toattainthetop/peak/summit达到顶点 attainyouth永葆青春 attainment(n)attainments成就accomplishment 3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj．危险的peril（随时可能出现的）危险 avalanche雪崩 4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v．不寒而栗 shudder:quickandsudden tremble:longandveryobvious quiver:excitement,maybecold shiver:coldandnervous 5、gooutofonesway专门bytheway顺路toomuchforme受不起 6、court（multiplemeanings多义词） 1）朝廷朝臣courtier 2）courteous彬彬有礼的 3）法庭 4）娱乐场足球场soccer/footballcourt高尔夫球场golfcourt 5）追求 6）招致骄兵必败pridecourtsfailure 7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj．唯一的 sol-独solo独唱独奏 solitude孤独 Iliveinsolitude.=Ilivealonelylife. 8、pioneer(1.2)/?pai+n+/v．开辟，倡导；n．先锋，开辟者 9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v．使贫困poor（口语词） 罗素名言：Agreatmanymanwillcheerfullyfaceinpoverishmentiftheycansecurecomplete ruinfortheirrival,hencepresentleveloftaxation. 许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。 10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj．粗劣的 coarsethroat嗓子哑 sorethroat 嗓子发炎 coarsefare粗粮 refinedfair细粮 coarseandrefined inacoarsemanner粗暴无礼 11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v．自恃有 用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有 Heboastedthatofhisknowledge. Thecenterboastsateamofhighqualify(qualifiedresearchers.) 12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n．教区居民 parish教区 13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n．牧羊人sheepshep羊herd兽群 14、linen(1.15)/linin/n．亚麻布床单 Notesonthetext 1、Route路线Road道路 2、goodsports:stimulus刺激thrilling震撼、兴奋 3、regard regardsbwithsth(感情词love\hatred\horror\respect) Dad,Iregardyouwithhorror.爸爸，我很害怕你。 4、pineeringdays,ancient(先人时期) 5、notatall根本不case这回事 6、bedoing表达当时的行动（状态） 7、top:顶点summit山顶peak山顶 Thesceneryisatthepeakofthemountain.无限风光在险峰。 Iamatthetopoftheworld.我在世界之巅。 Summitmeeting峰会 8、attain到达conquer征服 9、beofthemostperilousnature nature特点、特性 themostperilousdifficultiesanddangers 学会beofthe+adj+noun结构Heisthekindestman.=Heisthemanofthekindestman. 10、equipped表示当时的一种伴随。 11、inamanner以这样的方式 12、makesbdosth(省to结构) 13、atthethought一想到，mention一提到,idea一想到 这个结构后面加介词of原文即atthethoughtoftheirpoorequipment 14、gooutofonesway刻意intentionallyeyecatching引人注目的 15、thereallivingconditions真实生存状况 16、nowadays插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末 17、exceptfor把其中的一部分扣除 18、tendtobe倾向于 19、settlement生存地、驻扎地 20、cutoff=whicharecutoff 21、flearidden跳蚤 22、astheywere可以这么说，插入语还有asitwere Thisbookis,asitwere,hislifeportrait. 这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。 23、local当地的 24、wine低度酒alcohol酒精alcoholic酒鬼 25、boast拥有priest牧师shepherd牧羊人invariably=allthesame 26、dirtandpoverty，andveryuncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学） 27、course一道菜 28、musthavebeen表推测 29、beaccustomedto,beusedto+名词、动名词 IamusedtothelifeinBejing. IamusedtolivinginBejing. 30、早餐：scratchameal中午餐：snack快餐晚餐：dinner 31、thechangeto Educationbringsgreatchangetohisoutlook/viewonlife. 教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。 L 4 Seeing Hands IntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles. VerascurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUIyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachildsgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.ltwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet. Newwordsandexpressions 1、Perceive察觉，瞬间感觉到的 tomakeout费尽心机辨出 Ilookedthoroughlyformyelderlymother,finallyImakeherout. Yeah,Iremembered,Ifinallymakehimout. Iperceiveaflyinmyteacup. 2、elbowonesway(用肘)挤出 elbowoneswayoutofthecrowed.挤出人群 L5 No Room in the Ark ThegorillaissomethingofaparadoxintheAfricanscene.Onethinksoneknowshimverywell.Forahundredyearsormorehehasbeenkilled,captured,andimprisoned,inzoos.Hisboneshave beenmountedinnaturalhistorymuseumseverywhere,andhehasalwaysexertedastrongfascinationuponscientistsandromanticsalike.Heisthestereotypedmonsterofthehorrorfilms andtheadventurebooks,andanobvious(thoughnotperhapsstrictlyscientific)linkwithourancestralpast. Yetthefactisweknowverylittleaboutgorillas.Noreallysatisfactoryphotographhaseverbeentakenofoneinawildstate,nozoologist,howeverintrepid,hasbeenabletokeeptheanimalundercloseandconstantobservationinthedarkjunglesinwhichhelives.CarlAkeley,theAmericannaturalist,ledtwoexpeditionsinthenineteen-twenties,andnowliesburiedamongtheanimalshelovedsowell.Butevenhewasunabletodiscoverhowlongthegorillalives,orhoworwhyitdies,norwasheabletodefinetheexactsocialpatternofthefamilygroups,orindicatethefinalextentoftheirintelligence.AllthisandmanyotherthingsremainalmostasmuchamysteryastheywerewhentheFrenchexplorerDuChaillufirst