DKI-(弥散峰度成像)-英文PPT简介.ppt

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1、Contents DWI(diffusion weighted imaging) DTI(diffusion tensor imaging)DKI(diffusion kurtosis imaging) DWI原理组织T1、T2驰豫时间、H1的密度、分子弥散运动利用扩散敏感梯度脉冲将水分子弥散效应扩大，来研究不同组织中水分子扩散运动的差异 DWI评估弥散的参数 通过两个以上不同弥散敏感梯度值（ b值）的弥散加权象，可计算出弥散敏感梯度方向上水分子的表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient ADC） ADC=In(S低/S高)/(b高-b低)弥散敏感系数(b)值

2、= =r22g2(-/3) b 值的取值范围为010 000s/mm2，较大的b 值具有较大的弥散权重，对水分子的弥散运动越敏感，并引起较大的信号下降，但b 值越大，图像信噪比也相应下降，如果b 值太小，易受T2 加权的影像，产生所谓的T2 透射效应(T2 shine through effect)，一般来说用大b 值差的图像测得的ADC 值较准确，故侧ADC 值时宜选较高b 值和较大的b 值差 均质介质中可以水分子的自由运动为各向同性，即在各个方向上的弥散强度大小一致，弥散张量D描述为球形，沿磁共振的三个主坐标的特征值为 1=2=3defects of DTI Conventional DT

3、I fails to fully utilize the MR diffusion measurements that are inherent to tissue microstructure. DTI computes apparent diffusivity based on the assumption that diffusion weighted (DW) MR signal has a monoexponential dependence on the diffusion factor (b-value). DTI implicitly assumes that water mo

4、lecule diffusion occurs in a free and unrestricted environment with a Gaussian distribution of diffusion displacement. defects of DTI In biological tissue, complex cellular microstructures make water diffusion a highly hindered or restricted process. Non-monoexponential decays are experimentally obs

5、erved in both white matter and gray matter. Moreover, the simplified description of the diffusion process in vivo by a 2nd-order 3D diffusivity tensor prevents DTI from being truly effective in characterizing relatively isotropic tissue such as GM. Even in WM, the DTI model can fail if the tissue co

6、ntains substantial crossing or diverging fibers . defects of DTI As a result, DTI quantitation is b-value dependent and DTI fails to fully utilize the diffusion measurements that are inherent to tissue microstructure.KurtosisKurtosis here refers to the excess kurtosis that is the normalized and stan

7、dardized fourth central moment of the water displacement distribution . It is a dimensionless measure that quantifies the deviation of the water diffusion displacement profile from the Gaussian distribution of unrestricted diffusion, providing a measure of the degree of diffusion hindrance or restri

8、ction.fourth central moment:四阶中心距，主要用来衡量随机分布变量的分布在均值附近的陡峭程度Since the deviation from Gaussian behavior is governed by the complexity of the tissue within which the water is diffusing, this excess diffusional kurtosis can be regarded as a measure of a tissues degree of structure.Other advantages of DK

9、IMean kurtosis (MK), the average apparent kurtosis along all diffusion gradient encoding directions, has been measured and demonstrated to offer an improved sensitivity in detecting developmental and pathological changes in neural tissues as compared to conventional DTI .In addition, directional kur

10、tosis analysis has been formulated to reveal directionally specific information, such as the water diffusion kurtoses along the direction parallel or perpendicular to the principle water diffusion direction as determined by the 2nd-order diffusion tensorDKI provides a higher-order description of res

11、tricted water diffusion process by a 2nd-order 3D diffusivity tensor (DT as in conventional DTI) together with a 4th-order 3D kurtosis tensor (KT).ConditionsThe method is based on the same type of pulse sequences employed for conventional diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), but the required b values a

12、re somewhat larger than those usually used to measure diffusion coefficients. In the brain, b values of about 2000 s/mm2 are sufficient.At least 15 non-collinear and non-coplanar directions are required to construct KT.DKI vs q-space imaging techniquesDKI has a close relationship to q-space imaging

13、techniques.q-space imaging methods have indeed recently been employed to estimate diffusional kurtosis.The principal difference between them is that q-space imaging seeks to estimate the full diffusion displacement probability distribution rather than just the kurtosis.As a consequence,q-space imagi

14、ng is more demanding in terms of imaging time and gradient strengths.Measuring the diffusional kurtosis requires only modest increases in b valuesAnd DKI is less demanding in terms of hardware requirements and postprocessing effort.Kurtosis tensor (KT) derived parametersMK(mean kurtosis):MK is a mea

15、sure of the overall kurtosis. It does not have any directional specificity. MK 的大小取决于感兴趣区内组织的结构复杂程度，结构越复杂非正态分布水分子扩散受限越显著，MK 也即越大K (Axial kurtosis)and K(Radial kurtosis) :can be defined as the kurtosis parallel and perpendicular to the principle diffusion eigenvector (e1) K越大表明在该方向非正态分布水分子扩散受限越明显，反之则

16、表明扩散受限越弱FAK (fractional anisotropy of kurtosis )Similar to FA in DTI, the anisotropy of directional kurtosis can be conveniently defined as FAK KA 越小即表示越趋于各向同性扩散; 若组织结构越紧密越规则，KA 越大DKI parametric mapsDKI parametric maps Typical DKI-derived parametric maps from a single slice of a) in vivo, b) formali

17、n-fixed adult rat brains and c) a normal human subject (male, 44 years old). Axial diffusivity (/), radial diffusivity (), mean diffusivity (MD), axial kurtosis (K/), radial kurtosis (K ), mean kurtosis (MK), fractional anisotropy (FA), directionally encoded colour FA (DEC-FA) and fractional anisotr

18、opy of kurtosis (FAK) maps are computed from DKI model.DKI parametric maps For (a), raw DWIs were acquired by SE EPI with TR/TE=3000/30.3ms, /=5/17ms, slice thickness=1mm, FOV=3030mm2, data matrix=128128 (zero filled to 256256), NEX=4, 6 b-values (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5ms/m2) and along 30 d

19、irections using 7T scannerDKI parametric maps For (b), raw DWIs were acquired with the same parameters as those for in vivo except TE=34.3ms, =9ms and b-values of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0ms/m2. A larger b-value range was used in ex vivo experiment due to the generally lower diffusivities.DKI

20、parametric maps For (c), raw DWIs were acquired by SE EPI with TR/TE=2300/109ms, slice thickness=2mm, FOV=256256mm2, data matrix=128128, NEX=2, 6 b-values (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5ms/m2) and along 30 directions using a 3T Siemens scanner DKI parametric maps Higher MK is found in WM, indicatin

21、g a generally higher degree of diffusion complexity and restriction in the WM structures. It can be seen from the directional kurtosis maps that such high MK in WM is mainly contributed by K . This suggests the existence of heterogeneity and restricted diffusion in axonal structuresBoth MK and K exh

22、ibit strong contrast between WM and GM structures.DKI parametric maps Both MK and K exhibit strong contrast between WM and GM structures. Positive mean and directional kurtoses are observed in both WM and GM, indicating faster DW signal decay at lower b-values and restricted diffusion environment in

23、 both WM and GM under in vivo and formalin-fixed conditions.DKI shows a general decrease in diffusivity and increase in kurtosis in WM and GM of the fixed brains The breakdowns of neurofilaments and microtubules caused by fixatives are believed to produce more diffusion barriers and hence lead to th

24、e / decrease and K/ increase. Other fixation effects such as tissue shrinkage , decrease in membrane permeability , increase in axonal packing density and reduction of extracellular space in parenchyma also likely contribute to the significant decrease and K increase.Directional kurtosis analysis of

25、 fixed experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord The inflammatory neurodegenerative disease EAE is characterized by both axonal loss and demyelination In recent DKI studies, there are promising results of using MK to detect changes in normal or pathological neural tissue However, as an

26、average of kurtoses along all the diffusion directions, MK can lose sensitivity and specificity in probing directional changes of pathological tissueEAE spinal cordK/ is found to be significantly increased and / decreased in the lesion area/ reduction is likely due to cytoskeletal perturbation or de

27、bris formation when the axonal structures break downIn addition, increases whereas K decreases likely because of the demyelination and axonal loss that also lead to less diffusion restriction in radial direction.EAE spinal cord The directionally averaged MD and MK are found to be less sensitive to E

28、AE pathology due to the opposite trends of diffusivity and kurtosis changes in axial and radial direction.Monitoring postnatal brain maturation by conventional DTICC: corpus callosum（胼胝体）; EC: external capsule（外囊）; CP: cerebral peduncle（大脑脚）; AC: anterior commissure;（前联合） CT: cerebral cortex（脑皮质）; H

29、P: hippocampus（海马）; CPu: caudate putamen（新纹状体）Monitoring postnatal brain maturation by conventional DTIThe sensitivity of / in detecting rat brain WM maturation is generally observed to be the highest at low b-value At relatively low b-values, the apparent diffusivity is primarily contributed from t

30、he fast water diffusion activities in extracellular space that depend on both cellular microstructure and membrane permeability. The use of low b-value can best detect these changes.The high / sensitivity at low b-value observed in the current study suggests the alterations of these fast water diffu

31、sion activities along axonal direction during brain maturation. Such alterations may result from the increase in packing density of fiber bundles and axons, axonal diameter increase, changes in neurofibrils, and increased complexity of extracellular matrix .Monitoring postnatal brain maturation by c

32、onventional DTIWhereas that of is the highest at high b-valueThe diffusion changes probed in WM using high b-values are ascribed more to the slow water molecule diffusion particularly along the radial direction when traversing the membranes and myelin sheathsThe high sensitivity of at high b-value i

33、n detecting brain maturation shown in the figure likely reflects these WM microstructural changes, including myelination and axonal density and diameter changes during postnatal brain development.Monitoring postnatal brain maturation by conventional DTIFA quantitation is also affected by the b-value

34、 and its ability in detecting brain maturational changes varies among different structures.Monitoring postnatal brain maturation by DKIFigure 7a shows that the sensitivity of fitting all the multi-b-value DWIs to DTI model is generally similar to that of employing a medium b-value (b=1.5ms/m2) shown

35、 in Figure 6In Figure 7b, the general and continual kurtosis increase with age is observed, indicating that more diffusion restriction occurs during brain maturation in both WM and GM structures. The DKI-derived diffusivity and kurtosis indices are highly sensitive to brain developmental changes.Mon

36、itoring postnatal brain maturation by DKI Both / and K/ of WM are found to increases with age, which may arise from various biological events during early postnatal brain maturation.The increase of diffusivity can be caused by axoplasmic flow during the myelination periodneuronal loss and axonal pru

37、ning that shortens the axon length can lead to an increase of restrictionMonitoring postnatal brain maturation by DKI The increase of K in WM is likely ascribed to the myelination and modification of axonal structures that increases restriction in the radial direction. DKI analysis also reveals that

38、 diffusion restriction in the relatively isotropic GM increases with age. This may reflect the more densely packed structures and the dendritic architectural modification in GM DTI VS DKI in monitoring postnatal brain maturation When there is a large K, the estimated diffusivity in conventional DTI

39、shows a large discrepancy with the diffusivity estimated in DKI approach. As K in all the structures is positive, DTI-derived diffusivities are generally lower than those by DKI.The relatively high sensitivity of the in monoexponential DTI model is mainly a result of increasing K with age (while the

40、 changes of in DKI are moderate). DTI VS DKI in monitoring postnatal brain maturationDTI-derived / is related to the increase of both K/ and / derived in DKI that manifests opposite and competing effects.herefore diminished sensitivity in detecting maturational changes of / in conventional DTI are o

41、bserved. The separation of / and K/ can improve the characterization of neural tissue along the axial direction. Because the complex biological modification of WM along axonal direction affects both diffusivity and kurtosis, information obtained in conventional DTI is inadequate to fully infer the m

42、icrostructural changes during brain maturation.Other applications DKI may serve as a more sensitive tool to detect and characterize such subtle changes in both WM and GM. DKI has also been applied in various pathological states, including Alzheimers disease , schizophrenia and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder DKI has also been sought to resolve the crossing of WM fibers and possibly lead to more accurate tracking and characterization.From:WU Menglin