2022年新概念英语第二册语法总结沪江英语.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载新概念英语其次册语法总结沪江英语现在一般时：1 构成：使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化；（1 ）直接加 “ s”, works ,takes （2 ）以辅音加 “ y”结尾,变 “ y”为“ i ”,再加 “ es”（3 ）以 “ o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加 “ es”goes dresses watches brushes2 功能：（1 ）表现在的事实、状态或动作：eg . . Birds fly. . She loves music. . Marys parents get up very early

2、. （2 ）表习惯性动作或职业,常与 often ,sometimes,usually,always,every week,seldom ,occasionally,frequently 等时间副词连用； eg . . I always take a walk after supper. . . She writes to me very often. . . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3 ）表客观真理, 格言警句或事实： eg . . The earth moves round the sun.

3、 . . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. . . Two and two makes four. . . No man but errs . 人非圣贤,熟能无过；（4 ）表将来：A在由 when ,after, before,as ,as soon as,although,because,if ,even if,in case ,till ,until ,unless ,so long as,where ,whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作；（黄金重点,全部考试都不放过它！）eg

4、. . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型, 背下！）. . Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go.（很感人的句型！）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载B按时间表示将要发生的动作或大事

5、,用一般现在时表达将来时概念；eg . . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . . When does the plane take off. . . He leaves for that city next week. . . According to the timetable , the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.（根据时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上 7 点动身；）现在进行时：1 构成： is / am / are + 现在分词2 功能：（1 ）表示现在正在进

6、行的动作；. . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea. . Dont you think you eat too much. Youre putting on weight. building a new bridge across the river. . . The workers are （2 ）表现阶段正进行的动作；. . He is taking physics this semester. . We are preparing for our final examination this week. （3 ）go, come, leave

7、, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开头的动作；. . Look. The bus is coming. 看！车来了！. . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother. （4 ）与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情颜色：称赞或厌恶；. . He is always thinki

8、ng of others.（他总是想着别人；）. . The boy is continually making noises.（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声；）. . The teacher is constantly always criticizing her for being late.（老师始终在批判她迟到；）（5 ）下面表示状态、感觉、心情、精神活动的动词不行用于进行时；（此条戒律请背 10遍！）believe （信任） ,doubt （怀疑） ,see（观察）,hear （听见）,know （知道） ,understand （懂得）, belong （属于）, think （认为）,

9、 consider（认为）, feel （觉得）, look名师归纳总结 （看起来）,seem （看上去）, show （显示）, mind （介意）, have （有）, sound第 2 页,共 11 页（听起来）, taste （尝起来）,require（要求）, possess （拥有）, care （关怀）,like （宠爱）, hate （厌恶）, love （宠爱）,detest（憎恨）, desire （意欲）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载【简洁记忆】 永久不要说Im believing.或 He is seei

10、ng a house. 再简洁一点说,这些动词后面不要随便加 -ing. 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！ 留意： have a party / think about可以用进行时,由于这里have意为 “ 举办 ” ；think意为 “考虑 ” ；现在完成时：1 构成： have / has + 过去分词2 功能：（1 ）表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果；常与 yet, just, before, recently , lately （最近）, ever, never 等表时间的副词搭配使用；. . He hasnt seen her lately. . . I hav

11、ent finished the book yet. （2 ）表示一个从过去某个时间开头,连续到现在并可能连续下去的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；如：so far （迄今为止） , up till now（直到现在） , since, for a long time （很长时间） , up to present（直到现在） , in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里）, these days（目前） . . He has worked here for 15 years. . I have studied English since I

12、came here. . The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother. （3 ）某些非连续性动词（即：动作开头便终止的动词）,在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配；黄金要点 ：（到达） , join （加入） , leave（离开） , go, refuseI 常见的非连续动词：die, arrive（拒绝） , fail （失败）, finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚） , a

13、wake （醒）, buy, borrow, lend . （背三遍！） II 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for 引导的时间状语；III 但如是用在否定句中,非连续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用；名师归纳总结 . . She has gone away for a month.（误）. . She has been away for a month （正）第 3 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载. . The man has died for two years.（正）. . How

14、 long have youbought the book.（正）（误）. . The man has been dead for two years.（误）. . How long have you got the book.（4 ）留意 since 的用法：. . They havent had any trouble since they came here. . . It has been ten years since we met last time. . . He has been here since 1980. . . He has been here since ten y

15、ears ago. 现在完成进行时：1 构成： have / has + been + 现在分词2 功能：（1 ）表示从过去某时开头发生,始终连续到现在且可能连续下去的动作；（最好将此定义读 5 遍）. . Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. running after her for 8 years. . . He has been 名师归纳总结 （2 ）表某种感情颜色； . . Ive been wanting to see you for so many years. . Whos 第 4 页,共 11 页been telli

16、ng you such nonsense. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：现在完成时强调“结果 ”,而完成进行时强调“动作的连续 ”；. . I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点；）. . I have been thinking of it. （我始终在想这一点；）. . Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了；）. . Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆始终在油漆门；）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载过去一般时：功能：（1 ）表示过去

17、某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情形；. . We visited the school last spring. . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949. （2 ）在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时；. . She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. . . They would not leave until she came back. . . My fr

18、iend promised to marry me once she made her final decision. 一般过去时, 现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简洁, 下面的差异你不肯定明白；）. . Her brother was a chemist .（已去世） . . Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）. . Thats all I had to say.（话已说完） . . Thats all I have to say.（言之未尽）. . It was so nice to see you.（离别时用） . . It is so nice to

19、see you.（见面时用）. . Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）. . Jane has done a lot of work this morning.过去进行时：（仍是上午） 本句现在完成时,此乃后话！名师归纳总结 1 构成： were / was + 现在分词第 5 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载2 功能：（1 ）表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作；. . I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening

20、. . . When I arrived, they were watching TV. . . They were doing housework this time last week. （2 ）用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作；. . She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. . . I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 过去完成时：1 构成： had + 过去分词2 功能：（1 ）表示过去某个动作或某个详细时间之前已经

21、发生、完成的动作；“ 过去的过去 ” ；. . They had got everything ready before I came. I got to the theater with my boyfriend. . . The play had begun before （2 ）过去完成经常用于hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . than等固定句型结构中；（此乃超级重点句型,意为：“一 就” ）. . She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. . No sooner had

22、he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（留意no sooner 在句首时句型倒装；）（3 ）intend（准备）, mean （意味）, hope （期望）, want （想要）, plan （方案）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本准备做而没有做的事；. . I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.（ 原想昨天去看你 ）. . They had planed to

23、hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.名师归纳总结 （ 原方案上周举办一场足球赛 ）第 6 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载过去完成进行时：1 构成： had been + 现在分词2 功能：表示过去某个时间之前始终在进行的动作；typing a paper before I came in. 比较： . . The girl had cleaned up the room, so it

24、was tidy.clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside. 将来一般时：1 构成： shall / will + 动词原形2 功能：. . She said that she had been . . The girl had been （1 ）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态；. . He will graduate from the college next year. . . We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 名师归纳总结 （2 ）将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）第 7

25、页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料欢迎下载be gonna）. . Im I. be going to do something. 准备做某事； （美国口语中常读作going to buy a new coat this fall. be going to与 will 的对比：以下情形须用will . . Ill be sixteen years old next year. . . It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. him your message. . . When he co

26、mes, I will give II. be + to do sth.表示方案支配做某事或用来征求看法；. . Am I to take over his work. . . We are to meet at the gate. III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事； . . The talk is about to begin. 重点补充：be on the point of doing sth. 刚要做某事set out to do sth. 着手做某事set about doing sth. 开头做某事将来进行时：1 构成： shall / will be +

27、 现在分词2 功能：表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作：. . What will you be doing this time tomorrow.比较： . . Tom wont cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图） . . Tom wont be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）用将来进行时询问别人的方案、准备比用一般将来时更显礼貌；. . Will you be having supper with us this evening. 将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的估计；. . She wi

28、ll be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. . . The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour. 将来完成时：名师归纳总结 1 构成： shall / will have + 过去分词第 8 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载2 功能： 表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作；. . They will have been here for 5 years next Friday. . . By the end

29、of next term, the students will have finished the book. 将来完成进行时：1 构成： shall / will have been + 现在分词2 功能：表示某一动作将连续到将来某时,且该动作此时尚未发生；. . We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives. . It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.注：此句型过于复杂,人们很少运用,明白而已；过去将来时：1 构成：

30、 should / would + 动词原形2 功能：（1 ）表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态；me at the station. （2 ）此用法常用于间接引语中；过去将来进行时：1 构成： should / would be + 现在分词2 功能：表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作；be doing when he came the next day. . . He said that they would meet . . He asked me what I should 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - -

31、- - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载过去将来完成时：1 构成： would / should have + 过去分词2 功能：表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作；would have arrived by seven oclock. 过去将来完成进行时：. . He said that they 一、过去将来完成进行时的用法 过去将来完成进行时表动作从过去某一时间开头始终连续到过去将来某一时间；动作是否连续下去,由上下文打算；如：I heard by July youd have been teaching here for ten years. 我听说到七月份,你就在这里教了10年书

32、了； 二、过去将来完成进行时的构成过去完成进行时由“would have been+现在分词” 构成；如：He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他说到了春季学期末,他就学了三年英语了；I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years. 作满 30 年了；我知道到那时他他就在那儿工She told me shed have been teaching in tha

33、t university for 20 years by that summer. 她告知我到年年夏天她在那所高校教书就满 20 年了； 三、间接引语与过去将来完成进行时 在间接引语中,如主句为过去时态,就用于宾语从句中的间接引语就要把将来完成进行时改为过去将来完成进行时；如：She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer. She told me shed have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer. I

34、 know by this time next week youll have been working here for 30 years. I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years. 四、过去将来完成进行时与虚拟语气 在特定的语境中,有时过去将来完成进行时可用虚拟语气中；如：At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car,because Tom s little boy was sitting beside him in

35、 front. If Toms boy had not been there I would have been sitting in front. 事故发生的时候,我坐在车子的后座,由于汤姆的小儿子坐在前边他的身旁；要是汤姆的孩子没坐在那里的话,我就会坐在前面了；五、过去将来完成进行时的情态意义“ What interesting job have you found.”Helen asked him; he knew she would have been thinking about it. “ 你找到什么好玩的工作啦 .” 海伦向他问道；他知道海伦肯定会始终想这件事的；“ would

36、have been+ 现在分词” 结构除用于表示过去将来完成进行时外,有时其中的 would 也可能是情态动词,具有情态意义,比较表示估计或猜想等；如：六、过去将来完成进行时补充例句 过去将来完成进行时不是一个常用时态,一般语法书也讲得到很少,所以能找到的权威例句也很少；为满意部分高级读者伴侣的需要,我们特从“ 英国国家语料库” 中查了部分例句,供大家参考：Latterly, they would have been reading Virgin books, watching Virgin videos and Virgin films. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页

37、,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Maybe we, it may well be that you were with other people, I wonder what sort of things if you were in a condition of speaking, what sort of things you would have been saying to them. New York was swathed in sunlight and the heat would have been stifling had it not been for a gentle easterly breeze blowing in from the Atlantic. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 11 页