英语简单句五种基本句型详解.doc

.\ 基本句型 英语句子成分的排列顺序与汉语不同。汉语放在前面的，英语可能要放在后面；而汉语放后面的，英语可能放在前面。即使是同样一句话，如果用词不同，句中的次序也会有变化。比如，“我每天骑自行车上学”，可以表达为 I go to school by bike every day. 也可以表达为 I ride to school every day. 如果用图表分析一下，我们会看得更清楚： 我 每天 骑自行车 上学。 I go to school by bike every day. I ride to school every day. 这三个语句除了行为者"I"的位置没有变化外，其它都发生了变化，并且由于“上学”表达方式的不同，在句中的位置也发生了变化。 句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀 句子成分 意义及位置 充当词类 例句 主语 The Subject 表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前部。 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子。 We study in No. 17 middle school. Jim is an American boy. Two heads are better than one. 谓语 The Predicate 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（除疑问、倒装句外）。 由动词或动词词组充当。 Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切） Lucy is dancing under the tree. Her parents are both workers. 宾语 The Object 表示动作、行为的对象。在及物动词或介词后。 同主语的充当词类 Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌） These girls like English. Did you see him yesterday? 表语 The Predicate 与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在系动词之后。 同主语的充当词类 His father is a bus driver. My car is white. We were at school yesterday. Health is wealth. (健康就是财富。） 定语 The Attribute 用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词之后。 形、代、数、名、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语。 The red one is mine. What is his name? A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患难见真情。） 状语 The Attribute 修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置较灵活。 通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。 Our teacher works very hard. She often helps Mike. They had a meeting in Shanghai. 宾语补足语 The Object Complement 宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。在宾语后。 由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当。 We named the baby Lily. She made the room clean. 同位语 The Appostive 重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性词语。在被修饰词后。 名词、名词性短语、从句等。 They all work hard. John, a friend of hers, has gone. 句子成分 学记口诀 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。 宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. His job is to train swimmers. 5. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 6. His wish is to become a scientist. 7. He wants to finish the work in time. 8. Tom came to ask me for advice（建议）. 9. He found it important to master English. 10. Do you have anything else to say? 11. Would you please tell me your address? 12. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 13. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 14. He noticed（注意到） a man enter the room. 15. The apples tasted sweet. 简单句的五种基本句型 句型种类 主语 谓语部分 谓语动词 表语 宾语 宾补 1. S + Vi. 主语+不及物动词 Birds fly. 2. S + Vi. + O 主语+及物动词+宾语 He plays the piano. 3. S + V. + P 主语+系动词+表语 We are (系动词） friends. 4. S + Vt. + InO + Do 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 I gave him a pen （间宾）（直宾） 5. S + Vi. + O + Oc 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 Tom made me cry. 基本句型一：S十V主谓结构 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, fall, happen, rise, eg: 这只小狗已经死了。_____________________________________ 1. 主语 + 不及物动词（ + 状语） 状语 主语 不及物动词 状语 （In 2003,) The first book came out in 2003 We didnt go to the cinema yesterday. Last week, I went to Guilin for my holiday. 2. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 （+ 状语） 状语 主语 及物动词 宾语 状语 （Yesterday) I bought a very good book yesterday. My father loves pictures of cars. Every morning my mother prepares breakfast for me He wrote a book in senior high school. 基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构 常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。 1. We should __________ __________ any time. B. 我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。 2. 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_________________________________________________. B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如： 3. Spring comes. It is ______________________________. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 4. Dont have the food. _______________________________. 不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。 3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 （+ 状语） 主语 系动词 表语 状语 These books are great. Tom is very happy today. 基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构 我昨天看了一部电影。 ________________________________________________. They have ________ ________ _________ of the children． 这些孩子他们照看得很好。 基本句型四: S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。 间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有： buy, choose, make, order, paint, play(演奏)， sing,等。 Yesterday her father ____________ ________ _____ ____________ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。 这种句型还可转换为： 动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ for/ to sb. Please show me your picture. ==Please _________ ________ __________ _____ _____. 请把你的画给我看一下。 I _______ _______the salt. = I _______the salt _____ _____. 我把书递给他。 4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 （+ 状语） 状语 主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 His hobby has brought him enjoyment. My father bought me a very good bike On my birthday. Last week, my aunt sent me a box of chocolate. 基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call（叫）, choose（选）, find（发现）, make, name, (命名) Keep ________________________________, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。 They painted______ ______ ________. 他们把门漆成绿色。 We must ______ ______ ________ ______. 我们必须保持我们的学校洁。 He asked me _____ ________ ________ soon. 他要我早点回来。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。 如：25）The boss ________ _______ _________ all day. (迫使他劳动) We saw _____ ____ _____. (他出去)。 5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 （+ 状语） 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 状语 We can help you develop new skills. I dont want you to work too hard. The news made everyone happy. 　 判断类型和句子成分： She came． She likes English. She is happy． The teacher asked me to read the passage. She bought a book for me. She gave John a book． My head aches. She makes her mother angry． The sun was shining. The moonrose. Theytalked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 His face turned red. 他的脸红了。 Whoknowsthe answer? 谁知道答案？ Heenjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。 Iwantto have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 Shecookedher husbanda delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。 Ishowedhimmy pictures. Igavemy cara wash. 我洗了我的汽车。 Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 他教我开机器。 What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？ The children are playing happily. The Greens enjoy living in China. He became a famous doctor.他成为了一名著名的医生。 The apple pie tastes really delicious.苹果派吃起来真是好吃。 简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 　1、按句子的用途可分四种： 　1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 　2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 　3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class 　4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 　2、按句子的结构可分三种： 　1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 　e.g. He often reads English in the morning. 　Tom and Mike are American boys. 　She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 　2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上 的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. 　The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 　3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 　e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark 课堂练习 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 课后习题巩固 一 按要求完成下列句子： 1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句） 2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问） 3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________? （完成反意疑问） 4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句） 5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句) 6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句） 7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问） 8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问） 9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句） 10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问） 二 单项选择 （ ）1. I was drawing a horse ____the teacher came in. A. while B. as C. when D. the moment （ ）2. ---Shall we go on working? ---Yes, _________ I prefer to have a rest. A. when B. if C. because D. though （ ）3. None of us knew what had happened ________ they told us about it. A. when B. until C. after D. though （ ）4. ---I hope you’ll enjoy your trip, dear! ---Thank you, mum. I’ll give you a call ________ I get there. A. until B. as soon as C. since D. till （ ）5. The camera is expensive I can’t afford it. A. so, that B. such, that C. so, as to D. enough, that （ ）6. I never seem to lose any weight, hard I try. A. even though B. no matter how C. as if D. ever since （ ）7. —Shall we go on working? —Yes , I prefer to have a rest . A．when B．if C．because D．though （ ）8. Edison never gave up, he failed many times. A．and B．though C．or （ ）9. The policeman asked the child cross the street the traffic lights turned green. A．not; when B．don’t; before C. not to; until （ ）10. ---It’s time to go to bed, Li Ming. ---Mum, I have a lot of homework to do, I won’t go to bed I finish it A .after B.until C.as soon as D .since （ ）11. You should make a good plan ______ you do anything important. A. before B. after C. though D. until （ ）12. ________ they are brothers, they don’t look like each other at all. 　　 A. Because　 B. Though　 C. When　 　D. As （ ）13. I enjoy learning English, ____ it takes me a lot of time. A. as if　　 B.though　　 C.because　　 D.for （ ）14. "Tom, afraid of speaking in public. You are no longer a small boy, "said Mum. A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. don t be （ ）15. ______ strange clothes he is wearing! A. What a 　　 B. What　　 C. How a D. How （ ）16. ______ interesting subject it is! A. What 　　 B. How 　　 C. What an D. What a （ ）17. _______fine weather it is today! A. What a B. How C. How a D. What