英语语法结构体系图.doc

.* 名词 ︹表 1︺ 可数名词 (C countable) 单数 表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系/指示关系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。 表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：a book, an orange 复数 表示泛指时不必加任何限定词 We must tell friends from enemies. 不可数名词(U uncountable) 单独出现表示泛指。 不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等来表示其具体数量： a piece of news, a sheet of paper 冠词 ︹表 2︺ 不定冠词 泛指某一具体的人/事物 He is an old doctor. She is now a different China from what she was. 固定词组 once upon a time(从前)， an hour or two a long time, a few, a little 定冠词 说话人和听话人心中都了解的人/事物，表示特指 I bought a skirt yesterday. The skirt is very beautiful. 最高级/固定词组/习惯用法 in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the end., by the way 零冠词 表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前 Failure is the mother of success. Children like cartoons. 泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词前 Do you have a rest after lunch? They are fond of playing basketball/chess. Spring/April/Sunday/Children’s day is the best time. 固定词组/习惯搭配 on foot, at home, at night, in danger, for example face to face, hand in hand, side/step by side/step 人称代词 ︹表 3︺ 基本用法 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they they she her it it 多个人陈代词并列的排序 单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后 You, she and I all enjoy music. 复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后 We, you and they should preserve the environment it的特殊用法 指代事物/人 代替前文提到过的事物 This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday. 代替指示代词，起this/that作用 Is this you car? No, it isn’t. 指代动植物、不明身份/性别的人/婴儿 Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely. 指自然现象（天气、气象、天色等）/量度（时间、距离、温度、价值等） It is getting dark. How far is it to the Great Wall? 充当形式主语 代替不定式 It is our duty to take care of the old. 代替动名词 It is worthwhile working the whole night. 代替主语从句 It doesn’t matter what you do. 充当形式宾语 代替不定式 I consider it better to be early. 代替动名词 We thought it no use doing that. 代替宾语从句 The teacher made it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time. 用于强调句型 It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who/whom+原剧中其他部分 强调主语 It is my word that counts. (我说了算) 强调宾语 It is me that/whom you should ask. 强调状语 强调时间 It is at eleven that the train leaves. 强调地点 It was in the classroom that I left him. 强调方式 It was just as he ordered that I acted. 强调原因 It was because he was poor that I helped him 强调宾补 It was red that we painted the gate. 指示代词 ︹表 4︺ 分类 及用法 单数 复数 空间/时间上离说话人较近/ 下文将要讲的事物 this these 空间/时间上离说话人较远/ 上文提及的事物 that those 作替代词的用法 指示代词（后面必须有后置定语） that 替代 单数可数名词 Your pen is expensive than that I have. 不可数名词 The population of China is larger than that of any other country. those替代复数可数名词 His stories are more interesting than those I told. 区别指示代词that与数词one/ones that只能代替事物，相当于the+被代替的单数可数名词/不可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物） 可以代替事物，也可以代替人。 a/an+被代替的单数可数名词（泛指同一种/类的事物/人） the+被代替的单数可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物/人） 必须有后置定语 The population of China is larger than that of any other country. 修饰语可以前置/后置/单独使用 My child doesn’t like this book. Show her a more interesting one. Our new book is more expensive than the one we had before. 不定代词 ︹表 5︺ 不定代词 ︹表 5︺ 不定代词 ︹表 5︺ all, each, every all表示“三者/三者以上都” 主语 All are equal before the law. all of后接 名词(必须带冠词物主代词等限定词)，of 可省略，all变为定语 All (of) the milk has been drunk. All (of) my friends like reading. 人称代词，of不能省略 All of them enjoyed the party. 宾语 Say all you know and say it without reserve.(知无不言，言无不尽) The brave defenders gave their all.勇敢的防伪者奋战到底。 表语 That is all for my speech.我的发言到此结束 定语 We should argue the case in all seriousness.(极其严肃地) Deal all the cards. 把牌都发了。 同位语 主语的同位语 实义动词 之前 The people all voted against it. 助动词、情态动词、系动词be 之后 We are all for him. 之前（简短回答） Who can speak Japanese? We all can. 宾语的同位语 There is justice for us all. (这对我们每个人而言都是公平的) each表示 “两个/两个以上当中的每一个”侧重指每个人/事物的个别情况 主语 Each has a cup of tea. 宾语 Give an apple to each. 定语 There is a line of trees on each side of the road. 同位语 主语的同位语 They each signed the paper. 宾语的同位语 Give them each an apple. every表示“三者/三者以上当中的每一个”侧重强调全体的情况 只作定语 You have every right to say so.(你完全有权利这么说) no one, nothing, none no one=nobody只指人，谓语动词用单数,不能与介词of连用。 No one likes a person with bad manners. nothing只指物，谓语动词用单数,能与介词of连用。 Nothing except your fears stands in your way. Think nothing of it. (不用介意这件事) none即指人也指物，能与介词of连用，根据含义谓语动词用 单数 None of us has got a camera. None of the money belongs to me. (none在代表不可数的事物时，谓语动词用单数) 复数 None are so deaf as those that will not hear. None of the books are easy enough for us. both, neither, either both“两者都”（用法类似于all） Both seat are taken. neither“（两者中的每一个）都不” Neither of the twins is here. either“（两者中的）任何一个” There are houses on either side of the road. many much等 只修饰可数名词 many, many a, a few, few, (not/quite)several, a (great/large) number of, numbers of. 只修饰不可数名词 much, a little, little, a bit of, a good/great deal of , a large/great amount of, amounts of. 既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词 some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/large quantity of, quantities of. some any some 肯定句 I have some questions. “一些” Some Mr. chen is calling you.“某一” any 否定句/疑问句/条件句 Do you have any questions? “一些” 肯定句 Come any day you like. “任何一个” 复合不定代词 some/any/no/every + body/one/thing 用法相近于some/any/no/every, 被定语修饰时，定语必须后置。 He drinks something fierce.(他喝烈酒) is there anything important in that box? other others another other“另外的，其他的”作定语修饰可数名词（单/复数）/不可数名词 Any other person would tell the truth. the other后面不接其他名词时表示两者中的另外一个 Hold it in this hand, not the other. others是other的复数形式，但不作定语，只作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 前面不加定冠词，泛指“其他人/物”（但不指其余的全部） Many students are playing on the playground. Some are playing football; others are playing basketball. 前面加定冠词，特指“剩下的人/物”（可指其余的全部） Six of the toys are mine; the others are John’s. another泛指三者/三者以上当中的“另外一个”，前面不能加任何冠词 主语 Then another put up his hand. 宾语 Let’s ask for another. 表语 Say is one thing and doing (is) another 定语 单数可数名词 She has got another boyfriend. 复数可数名词，视为一个单数的整体 We will study here for another two years. 物主代词 ︹表 6︺ 单数 复数 句中作用 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their 定语my task 不能与其他限定词（冠词、指示代词）同时使用,不能说：a my friend 名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours your theirs 主语May I use your pen? Yours works better. 宾语I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 表语 The life I have is yours. 反身代词(动作的承受和与动作的发出者是一体） ︹ 表 7 ︺ 单数 复数 句中作用 宾语 I cut myself when shaving this morning. 第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourself 表语 I am not quite myself these days(我最近身体不太舒服) I will be myself again in no time.(我一会儿就会好的) 第三人称 himself herself itself themselves 同位语 主语的 They themselves are to be blame. 宾语的 We had better ask the doctor himself about it. 疑问代词 ︹ 表 8 ︺ 名词性疑问代词 who, whom, whose指人 主语 Who is to take the chair?(谁来当主席) 宾语 Whom do you wish to speak to? 定语（whose作定语所修饰的名词/代词可以被省略） Whose is better, yours or hers？ what”什么”指事物/职业/身份 What do you mean? What’s your father?(令尊做什么的？) which”哪一个”指人/事物中的,表示一定范围内的选择。若无选择范围用what Which film do you want to see? 形容词疑问代词 指人whose Whose umbrella is this? 指物what which What job do you want to do? Which team won? 数词 ︹ 表 9 ︺ 基数词（多少） 单数形式 复数形式 没有限定词（数字、a few等）修饰hundred thousand million dozen score可用复数形式+of+名词，表示不确定的数量 thousands and thousands of workers 成千上万的工人 固定介词词组 They arrived in twos and threes(三三两两) 表示人的岁数/年代 He is in his thirties. It took place in the 1950’s 序数词（顺序） 序数词前通常要加上定冠词the 形容词 ︹ 表 10 ︺ 句中作用 定语 性质不同： 限定词 all, half, both等不定代词，分数和倍数 美小圆旧黄，法国木书房 冠词、指示代词、物主代词 数词（序数词在前，基数词在后） 主观描绘性形容词 表大小/长短/形状/新旧/颜色 表地点 表材料 性质相同： 少音节在前，多音节在后 It was a rainy, windy, depressing day. 表语 The show is live(表语). My dog was playing with a live(定语) mouse. 宾补 He set free all the prisoners in the village. 激起情绪 感到情绪 客观上“令人…的”激起情绪 The book is very interesting. 主观上“感到…的”感到情绪 I am interested in the book. 副词 ︹ 表 11 ︺ 修饰动词 My mother has been working hard all morning. 修饰形容词 My brother and I are quite different. 修饰其他副词 He runs very fast. 修饰整个句子 Obviously, television has both advantages and disadvantages. 形容词副词的比较级、 最高级、原级比较 ︹ 表 12 ︺ 形容词 副词 比较级 构成方法 单音节 词尾+er tall taller 词尾+er low lower 以e结尾，词尾+r large larger 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再+er big bigger 以辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i再+er icy icier 双/多音节 词前加more 特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加more wisely more wisely 表达方式 形容词比较级+than(连词than引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略) She is much better than (she was) yesterday. 副词比较级+than(连词than引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略)You should have come earlier (than you did) 最高级 构成方法 单音 节 词尾+est tall tallest 词尾+est low lowest 几个特殊的频度副词： seldom—seldomer—seldomest early— earlier —earliest often— oftener —oftenest 以e结尾，词尾+st large largest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再+est big biggest 以辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i再+est icy iciest 双/多音节 词前加most 特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加most wisely most wisely 例外：几个特殊的频度副词（见上格） 表达方式 the+形容词最高级+比较范围 China has the largest population in the world. 形容词最高级有不定冠词/物主代词等其他限定词，不需要加定冠词。 Tuesday is our busiest day. 副词最高级+比较范围 Mr. white works hardest in the company. 原级比较 表达方式 as+形容词原级（+名词）+as not as/so+形容词原级（+名词）+as It is as cold in Nanning as in Beijing. English is not so difficult as Latin. as+副词原级（+名词）+as not as/so+副词原级（+名词）+as They work as hard as you do. He does not run as fast as he used to. 实义动词的基本用法〔表 13〕 及物动词 动词后跟宾语/双宾语/宾语补足语 不及物动词 带介词：相当于及物动词 不带介词：不需要跟宾语 动词短语的基本用法 ︹ 表 14 ︺ 构成形式 使用方法 经典例句 动词+介词 相当于及物动词；可用于被动语态 The hunter aimed at the lion and fired, but missed. All the new words were looked up. 动词+副词 及物动词 宾语是名词， 置于动词短语之中/之后 He called the man up./He called up the man. 宾语是代词，置于动词短语之中 He called her up. 不及物动词 Don’t talk back when I‘m speaking. 动词+（形容词+）名词+介词 及物动词 He takes good care of his elderly mother. We must make full use of our time. 动词+副词+介词 及物动词 We have long done away with this practice. 助动词的基本用法 ︹ 表 15 ︺ 基本用法 经典例句 表示时态 ① He is singing. ② He has got married. ③ I shall study harder at English. ④ He will go to Shanghai 表示语态 He was sent to England. 构成疑问词 ① Did you study English before you came here? ② How long have you been learning English? 构成否定句 ① I don’t like him. ② Don’t be so absent-minded. 加强语气 ① He did know that. ② Do come to my birthday party. 系动词用法 ︹ 表 16 ︺ 状态系动词 表示主语状态的be He is a teacher. 持续系动词 表示主语保持某种状态/态度remain, keep, stand, lie, stay, rest, exist, weigh He always kept silent at meeting. 变化系动词 表示主语的变化 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run He became mad after that. 结果系动词 表示主语对应的结果 prove(证实), turn out（变成） The rumor roved false. His plan turned out a success. 表像系动词 表示“看起来像”seem, appear, look He seems (to be) very sad. 感官系动词 表示感官体验 feel, smell, sound, This kind of clothes feels very soft. 情态动词的基本用法 ︹ 表17 ︺ 情态动词的基本用法 ︹ 表17 ︺ can & could ①能力 （could是can的过去式） He can play the piano quite well now. She could speak English when she was six. ②允许、告诫(could更可气，委婉) Can/could I borrow your book? ③ 推测 否定句：把握性大的推测，用could时语气稍弱 He can’t/couldn’t be in Beijing now. 疑问句：具有怀疑惊讶语气 Can/could it be ture? 肯定句：could还可以在肯定句中表示不太确定的推测 He could be on his way now. ④ could+have+过去分词 对过去情况的推测 与过去事实相反的评价 （过去应该做某事而事实上却没做） He paid for a seat, when he could have entered free. (2005年山东) may & might ①许可，might是may的过去式（用might代替may更可气更委婉） May I/we… 肯Yes, please./Certainly 否Please don’t/No, you mustn’t ②不太确定的推测，might更加不确定 肯定句could might可换用 It may/might/could rain this afternoon. 否定句 He might not be still waiting at the door now. ③祝愿 May you have a pleasant journey! must ①肯定句中 很有把握的推测 must have done是对过去发生的情况的推测 义务或必要性 We must think about it very seriously. ②否定句中：禁止 You mustn’t talk during lessons. ③疑问句中：义务或必要性 Must…? 肯定回答 must 否定回答 needn’t/don’t have to shall ① 主语为第二、三人称的肯定句中表示决心、许诺、命令 Whatever you may say, he shall go.（表决心) Nobody shall leave the classroom.(表命令） ②主语为第一、三人称的疑问句中表示建议、征求对方意见。 Shall we set off at seven tomorrow morning? should & ought to ①后接动词原型，指“应该”表示命令、劝告、建议等，ought to语气更强烈 You ought to send her a note. You should do something to help her. ② 肯定形式后接动词的完成时，表示该做某事却未做 You should have asked my permission. You ought to have come to party. 否定形式后接动词的完成时，表示不该做某事却做了 You should not have hurt her feeling. He ought not to have been driving so fast. ③ought to 否定式 You ought not to tell her about it. 疑问式 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once？ will ①意愿 I will never talk about it again. ②决心 I will marry her although my parents strongly object to this marriage. ③请求 Will you come into my office for a moment, please? ④能力 The hall will seat 2000 people. would ① 肯定/疑问句中表示意愿、选择，比will更加委婉客气 I would like a cup of tea. Would you like to go with me？ 否定句中用will，因为我won’t you本身就是一种委婉语气 Won’t you sit down？ ② 过去习惯性的动作，区别于used to used to 强调过去与现在的对比，表示一个已经中断的行为或状态；可以与表示动作或状态的动词连用 He used to get up early. 过去他常常早起（但现在已经不早起了） There used to be an apple tree in front of the buiding. Would只表示过去的行为；只能与表示动作的动词连用 Every evening she would teach her daughter to read and write. need & dare 否定/疑问句（情态动词） need+have+done（不常见） 本来需要做某事而事实上没有做 He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldn’t have missed the train. needn’t+have+done 过去不必要做某事而实际已经做了某事 I needn’t have bought so much wine---only five people came. 肯定句 （实义动词） need后的不定式必须带to You do not need to do it. dare后的不定式可带to也可不带to She did not dare (to) say anything like that. had better 表示“最好”后接动词原型，否定形式为had better not+动词原型 She had better not play with the bad boy. would rather等 表示“宁愿”还有had rather, would sooner, had sooner, would (just) as soon ；肯定式后面直接接动词原型，否定形式为would rather not+动词原型 I would rather stay here than go home. If I have a choice, I had rather not continue my studies at this school. 一般现在时 ︹表 18︺ 具体用法 经典例句 基本用法 ①表示现存的状态、情况 Does he work hard? ②表示过去、现在、将来都理应存在的客观事实和真理 The earth moves round he sun 3 plus 22 is 5. ③表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动 He gets up very early every morning. He is always ready to help others. 特殊用法 ⑴代替过去时表示过去 ①主句用过去时，宾语从句所述是客观真理/经常性动作，从句谓语动词用一般现在时 The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east. ②叙述往事，使其生动 Napoleon’s army now advances ad the great battle begins ③表示“书上说”“报纸上说”等 The newspaper says that it is going to be cold tomorrow. ⑵代替进行时 ①进行图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说时 Scene I( Lucy and Miss Green are in the doctor’s room---a large, pleasant room with many books.) ②习惯表达中表示现在正在发生的动作/存在的状态 Here comes the bus! How it rains!(雨下得好大哈！) ⑶一般现在时表示将来 ① 表示已经安排/计划好，将来必定发生的动作/存在的状态 Be, come, go, arrive leave, start, begin My birthday falls on April 29. Tomorrow we start for Shanghai. The meeting is at 8:00 a.