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1、用英语讲中国的秦朝用英语讲中国的秦朝秋连21B.C.),manystatesbuilttheGreatWallasfortification.在战国时期(公元前475-221年),很多国家建造了长城作为防御工事。ThestatesofQin,ZhaoandYanalloncebuiltsomesectionstoresisttheHunsinvasions.秦、赵、燕都曾建造部分长城以抵御匈奴入侵。ItwasnotuntiltheQinDynasty(221-206B.C.)thatMengTianconnectedtheseparatewallstoformadefensivesystemo
2、nthenorthernborder.直到秦朝(公元前221-206年)蒙恬才将分散的墙壁连接起来,在北部边境构成了一个防御性的系统。IttookaboutnineyearstofinishandthewallstretchedfromLintao(intheeasternpartoftodaysGansuProv-ince)inthewesttoLiaodong(intodaysJilinProvince)intheeast.这个庞大的工程消耗了九年的时间才得以完成,长城从临洮(今甘肃省东部)西部一直延伸到辽东(今吉林省)东部。The5000-kilometer-longwallnotonl
3、yservedasadefenseinthenorthbutalsosymbolizedthepoweroftheemperor.绵延5000公里的长城不仅仅是北方的防御工事,更代表着帝国的权利。FurtherconstructionandextensionsweremadeinthesuccessiveHan(206B.C.-220A.D.),NorthernWei(386-534),NorthernQi(550-577)andSui(581-618)dynasties.其后的汉朝(公元前206年-公元220年),北魏(386-534)北齐(550-577)以及隋朝(581-618)都对长城
4、进行了进一步的修缮和扩建。Andintermsofbothlengthandquality,thelaterconstructionswerebetterthanthatmadeinQin.无论从长度还是质量上来看,这些后世的工程都比秦朝的要精良得多。ThepresentGreatWallinBeijingismainlyremainsfromtheMingDynasty(1368-1644).现今在北京保存下来的长城主要是明长城。Duringthisperiod,bricksandgranitewereusedwhentheworkerslaidthefoundationofthewalla
5、ndsophisticateddesignsandpasseswerebuiltintheplacesofstrategicimportance.明朝时,石砖和花岗岩被用于建造长城的地基部分,而精细复杂的设计和关口则被建造在有重要战略意义的位置。Tostrengthenthemilitarycontrolofthenorthernfrontiers,theMingauthoritiesdividedtheGreatWallintoninezonesandplacedeachunderthecontrolofaZhen(garrisonheadquarters).为加强对北方边境的军事控制,明朝
6、廷将长城分为九个区,将其安排在每个镇(驻军总部)的控制下。TheMingWallstartsfromYalujiangRiver(intodaysHeilongjiangProvince),viatodaysLiaoning,Hebei,InnerMongolia,Shanxi,Shaanxi,Ningxia,toGuansu.明长城东起鸭绿江(今黑龙江省境内),经过辽宁、河北、内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏,绵延12700里(超过5000公里),西止甘肃。Thetotallengthreaches12700li(over5000kilometers).山海关和嘉峪关市迄今保存相对完好的两个关口,它
7、们坐落在长城的两端。TheShanhaiguanPassandtheJiayuguarvPassaretwowell-preservedpassesateitherend.长城的高度在5到10米之间,每隔130米就有一个瞭望塔。Itsheightvariedfrom5to10metersandwatchhouseswerebuiltevery130meters.假如有敌人入侵,干草掺杂狼粪,这在白天这能够充当送信兵其燃烧后烟会高高地升起,哨兵因而得到了远方的警告。Ifenemiescametoinvade,haysblendedwithwolfshitwasbuminthedaytime,th
8、esmokeofwhichwouldriseveryhighsothatsentinelscouldgetthewarn.到了晚上,木柴硫一起燃烧会发出亮堂的火焰,甚至几公里外的哨兵都能够注意到。Atnight,firewoodcombinedwithsulphurwouldmakesobrightafirethatsentinelsmilesawaycouldgetnoticed.我们在今天还能够看到秦长城的遗迹。WecanseefrieremainsoftheQinWalltoday.距今山西大同5英里外的西北方有一座紫色的长城,名曰紫关。Fivemilestothenorth-westo
9、fDatonginShanxiProvincethereisapurplewallwhosenameisPurplePass.甘肃省岷县往西十公里处我们可以以找到的秦长城遗迹。AndtenkilometerswesttotheMinxiancityinGansuProvincewecanalsofindremainsoftheQinWall.而我们今天看到的著名的八达岭长城始建于明朝。ThefamousBadalingGreatWallweseetodaywasbuiltintheMingDynasty.用英语讲中国秦朝:ChenSheng-WuGuangUprising陈胜吴广起义ChenS
10、heng-WuGuangUprisingwasthefirstlarge-scalepeasantuprisinginChinesehistory,whichledtothedownfalloftheQinDynasty(221-206B.C.).陈胜吴广起义是中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义,起义最终推翻了秦朝(公元前206年-公元前221年)的统治。In210B.C,QinEmperorShihuangdiedonhisinspectiontravel.在公元前210年,秦始皇死在视察旅行中。TheeunuchZhaoGaowroteafakedlettertoFusuinthenameo
11、fthedeceasedemperor,orderingFusutocommitsuicide,andhisyoungerbrotherHuhai,thedeceasedemperorsfavorite,wasinstalledasSecondEmperor.太监赵高以死去的秦始皇的名义伪造诏书,命令秦始皇钟爱的大儿子扶苏自杀,另立始皇幼子胡亥为帝,即秦二世。Hewasacool-heartedandcruelruler.他是一个冷血残忍的统治者。InordertokeepsecretofQinEmperorShihuangsmausoleum,hepluggeduptheexitandkil
12、ledalltheworkersinit.为了保护皇帝秦始皇的陵墓的机密,他堵住了出口,杀了所有的工人。Inhisfirstyear,rebellionsoftheoldnobilityandpeasantrybrokeout.其当政第一年,旧贵族和农民的起义爆发了。In209B.C,HuHai,theSecondEmperor,ordered900peopleintheHuaiheRiverregiontoYuyang(todaysMiyuninBeijing)tokeepguard.公元前209年,秦二世胡亥,命令900余人到榆阳(今北京密云)的淮河地区戍边。ItwasJulywhenit
13、rainedalot.时值七月,时常下雨。WhenpeoplearrivedinDazexiang(southwestintodaysSuxianCountyinAnhuiProvince),itbegantoraincatsanddogs;andtheywereboundtobelate.当人们抵达大泽乡时(在今天的安徽省宿县县西南),天降大雨,他们注定要迟到了。Accordingtothelawsatthattime,thosewhofailedtoobservedeadlineswouldbesentencedtodeath.根据当时的法律,那些未能遵守截止日期到达的人会被判处死刑。Pe
14、oplehadnootherchoicebuttoriseupinrevolt.人们没有其他选择,只能站起来对抗。ChenShengandWuGuangwerebothfromHenanProvince.陈胜、吴广都来自河南省。TheyledthepeasantstoattackandoccupyfinallytheChenCounty(todaysHengyanginHenanProvince),andtheyestablishedtheirownregimeofZhangchu.他们带领农民,最终攻占了陈县(今衡阳河南省),随后建立了张楚政权。Thentheirarmysentwestwa
15、rdbyChenShengtofightagainstQinarmywasdefeatedbyZhangHan.随后陈胜指挥军队西进,与秦军作战的军队被打败张韩。Later,ChenShengandWuGuangweremurderedbytheirsubordination.后来,陈胜、吴广被部下谋杀,剩余的军队被刘邦和项羽收编。AndtherestofthearmywassurrenderedtoLiuBangandXiangYu.公元前206年,秦王朝迎来了其臭名昭著的瓦解,这个曾经辉煌的王朝最终倒在了由本人暴虐的荒淫无度的行为所导致的民怨载道上。In206B.C,theQinDynastycametoaninfamousendandthegloriousdynastyfellvictimtothefearandmistrustbredbyitsowndespoticexcesses.
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