自考本科英语参考材料.doc

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1、!-Outline . Abstract . Introduction. Body paragraph 1. Affixes A. Prefixes B .Suffixes 2. Compounding A. The characteristic of compounds BFormation of compounds 3.Conversion A. Conversion to noun B. Conversion to verbs 4. Blending 5.Clipping 6. Acronym A. Initializes B. Acronyms 8. Communization of

2、proper names A. Names of people B. Names of places. Conclusion . Works cited Abstract With the development of science and technology, the steeps of globalization is becoming more and more quickly, so the communication between different people is can not be avoidable, and English is becoming the most

3、 important language to communication. Because of the importance role of English has acted, so study English is very important. When refers it people will ask how to learn it is available? In my opinion, words is the base of read sentence or read a passage, if you dont know the words, you cant unders

4、tand the meaning of the sentence or passage。when we study English we should learn the words firstly，So the words is the most important part of learning English, so I will introduce some ways to help us memory words -word formation.Key words: word formation；classifying；memorize；words IIntroductionWhe

5、n we learn words there have some ways to help us, for example, affixes, conversions, clipping, compounding, acronyms and back-formation. And the most productive means is affixes, compounding and conversion, according to an investment words produced by affixes constitute 30 to 40 of the total number

6、of new words; compounding constitute 28 to 30 of all the new words; and 26 of new vocabulary comes from conversion; Numbering of 8 to 10 comes from clipping and acronyms;1 to 5 born out of blending and other means.II. The classifying of word formation1AffixesThe definition of affixes: affixes are ge

7、nerally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivation affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The function of affixes is that may change the grammatical potential and involves a change of form. Affixe

8、s also can be classified into prefixes and suffixes.A. The definition of the prefixesPrefixes are the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. And prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. Prefixes can be divided into negative prefixes, priva

9、tive prefixes, pejorative prefix, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of orientation and attitude, location prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number prefixes, and conversion prefixes.1. Negative prefixes - a- abnormal(不正常的；不同寻常的)， dis- disobey-（违反；不服从）， in- inaudible(听不见的；不可闻的)，il- illegal(违法的）

10、，ir- irresponsibility（无责任的；无责任感的），im- im probable（不大可能的；未必确实的；不可信的） non - nonviolence（无暴力的）， un- unwilling(不愿意的；不情愿的；勉强的). -2. Privative prefixes are such prefixes including de-, dis-, un-, a-, its causing private, lack or loss. de- deactivate(使无效；使不活动：遣散）,un- unaffected(不受影响的；自然的；真挚的），unafraid(不怕的，

11、无畏的），dis- disability(残疾；身心障碍者），disable(使失去能力；使残废；使无资格）， disadvantage(处于不利地位；社会地位低下；贫困) .dis- is a productive prefix, when we know it clearly we will learn a lot of words.3. Prefixes of degree or size such prefixes include arch-, co-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur- and

12、 ultra-. arch- archbishop(大主教；总主教)， extra-extra-strong（特强的；加强的）， hyper-hyperactive（极度活跃的；活动过度的）， macro- macrocosm（结构复杂的；宏观世界）， micro- microcomputer（计算机；微电脑）， mini- mini-election（迷你选举）， out- outlive（不足）， over- overweigh（负重；使超重）， sub- subheading（副标题）， super- superman(超人)， sur- surtax（附加税）， ultra- ultr

13、a-conservative(极端保守的)， under-underdeveloped（不发达）。4. Prefixes of orientation （方向；定位）and attitude anti- anti-nuclear(反核）， contra- contra flow（逆流）， counter- counteroffer(反提供）， pro- pro-student（专业学生）5. Locative prefixes there have extra-，fore-, inter- , intra-, tele-and trans- include in locative prefix

14、es. ex- extraordinary(非凡的，特别的，不同寻常的）， for- forehead(前额），inter- inter-city(城市间的），intra- intra-party(党内），tele- telecommunication(电信），trans-transatlantic(大西洋）。6. Pejorative（轻蔑的；恶化的） prefixes such prefixes has mal-, mis-, pseudo-. For instance, mal- maltreat(虐待；滥用；粗暴对待）， mis- istrust（不信任；不相信）， pseudo- p

15、seudo-science（伪科学）。7. Prefixes of time and order such prefixes has ex-, fore-, pre, and re-. ex- ex-wife(前妻）， fore- foretell（预言）， pre-preact(提前；超前；提前作用） re- reconsider（重新考虑）。8. Number Prefixes such prefixes has bi-, multi-, semi- and tri-. bi- bicycle(自行车), multi- multipurpose（多功能）， semi- semi naked

16、(半裸体)， tri- triangle（三角形）。B. the definition of suffixesSuffixes are the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Suffixes are often changing the grammatical function of the base. Such suffixes include noun suffixes, adj. Suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb. First, i will introduce the noun

17、 suffixes. Nouns suffixes also can be divide into denominal nouns(动名词), deverbal nouns（动名词）, de- adjective nouns （德-形容词）and noun and adjective suffixes. Second i will introduce the adjective suffixes. Third, adverb suffixes. The last one is the verb suffixes.Noun suffixes1 denominal nouns（名词+suffix

18、名词）Suffixes are added to noun bases to produce concrete or abstract. a. concrete- -eer engineer (工程师), -er teenager（年轻人；青少年）, -ess hostess（女主人）， -ette suffragette（妇女参政）, -let droplet（液滴）, -ster gangster（歹徒）. b. abstract - -age poundage（手续费）, - dom (处于状态) , officialdom（官场；官场作风），-ery savagery（野蛮）， -fu

19、l mouthful（口）, -hood adulthood（成年的）， -ing farming（农业）, - ism主义) , terrorism（恐怖主义）, -ship friendship(友谊；友情)2. Deverbal nouns （动词+suffix名词）a. Denoting people -ant （assistant）， -ee （trainee）， -ent （respondent）， -er（-or）b. Denoting action， result， process， state， ect. -age （linkage）， -al （dismissal）， -a

20、nce （attendance）， -ation（-ition， -tion， -sion， -ion）， -ence （existence）， -ing （savings）， -ment （statement）3. De-adjective nouns （形容词+suffix名词） -ity （popularity）， -ness （happiness）Nouns and adjectives suffixes -ese （Chinese）， -an （Australian）， -ist （主义） （socialist）4. noun and adjective suffixes -ese

21、officialese( 公文用语），-an Australian(澳大利亚），-ist violinist (小提琴手），-ite Trotskyist(托派）。 Adjective suffixesAdjective suffixes can be classifying denominal suffixes and deverbal suffixes. a. Denominal suffixes -ed （wooded）， -ful （successful）， -ish （foolish）， -less （priceless）， -like （lady-like）， -ly （frien

22、dly）， -y （smoky）, -al（-ial， -ical） （cultural， residential）， -esque （picturesque）， -ic （economic）， -ous（-eous， -ious） （courteous）b. Deverbal suffixes -able （-ible） （washable）， -ive（-ative， -sive） （active， decisive）Adverb suffixesAdverb suffixes -ly （calmly）， -ward（s） （homewards）， -wise （clockwise）Ver

23、b suffixesVerb suffixes -ate（originate），-en （darken）， -（i）fy （beautify）， -ize （ise） （modernize）2. Compounding CompoundingCompounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stem, Compounds- a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantica

24、lly as a single word. A. The characteristic of compounds 1. Phonological features, the compounds have the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second.2. Semantic features, every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3. Grammatical features, th

25、e one-wordiness of compounds can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological.4. orthographical features, comparatively, British speakers tend to hyphenate compounds while Americans like to write compounds like free phrases.BFormation of compounds, compounding can take place within a

26、ny of the word classes. 1. noun compounds : nn: moon walk, end product. nv: toothache. V + n: crybaby. a + n: deadline, and so on.2. Adjective compounds: n + v-ing: record-breaking. a + v-ing: easy-going. n + a : war weary, and so on. 3. verb compounds: verb compounds are not as common as the other

27、two classes. The limited numbers of verbs are created either through conversion or through back formation.Through conversion: moonlight (n) to moonlight. Through back-formation: mass production to mass-produce. 3. Conversion Conversion （zero-derivation， functional shift） Conversion is the formation

28、of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs.A change of grammatical functionThe different range of meaningAConversion to noun1.Verb to noun-almost all monomorphemic(单语素）verbs can be us

29、ed as nouns.a. State （of mind or sensation） Doubt the state of doubting.b. Event or activity search， the activity of searchingc. Result of the action catch， what is catchd. Doer of the action cheats， one who cheatse. Tool or instrument cover， used to cover somethingf. Place of the action pass， where

30、 one has pass2. Adjective to noun （full conversion， partial conversion）a. Words fully converted-a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or e（s）.b. Words partially converted do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be us

31、ed together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind.c. Miscellaneous conversion（杂项转换）B. Conversion to verbs1. Noun to verb-verbs of this kind is transitive.a. to put in or on N, e.g. to can the fruit to put the fr

32、uit into cansb. to give N or to provide with N, e.g. to shelter the refugees to give shelter to the refugees.c. to remove N from, e.g. to shin the lamb to remove the shin from the lambd .to do with N, e.g. to pump water to bring water with a pump2. Adjective to verb, e.g. to3. Miscellaneous conversi

33、on 4. BlendingBlendingis the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.1. Head + tail autocide from (automobile + suicide)2. Head + head comsat from (communication +satellite)3.Head + word medicare from (medical + care4.Word + tail bookmobile from (book +we

34、lfare)The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns， very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.5. Clipping Clipping shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin word. 1. Front clipping， Quake from earthquake, Copter from helicopter, scope from telescope, phone from telephone2Back cli

35、pping ， Dorm from dormitory， momo（ ）/stereo（ ）/gent from gentleman, fan from fanatic , disco from discotheque.3. Front and back clipping, flu from influenza, fridge from refrigerator.4Phrase clippingPub from public house , pop from popular music, zoo from zoological garden.6. Acronymy Acronymy joini

36、ng the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical termsA. Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. Its one of the word formations of acronymy. E.g. VOA from voice of America, BBC from British Broadc

37、asting CorporationB. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. . Its one of the word formations of acronymy. E.g. NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization.7Back-formation Back-formation is a process of word-formation by removing the supposed suffixes. It

38、 is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.8Communization of proper names Words from proper names modern English has a large number of words which come from proper nouns. They includeA. Names of peopleWords of this group are from names of scientists， investors， etc. these terms are use

39、d as measurements.1. Some words are from characters in mythology.2. Some are from historical figures.3. Some words are from characters in literary books.B. Names of places1. Many words denoting products， objects or materials come from the names of places where they were first produced.C. Names of bo

40、okD. Trade namesWhen proper nouns are communized， many of them have lost their original identity. They can be converted to other classes. These words can also take suffixes.Words that are communized from proper nouns have rich culture associations and thus stylistically vivid， impressive and though-

41、provoking. Conclusion It is the word formation. By stating the classification of word formation to explain the advantages, in order to memories words. If we can master it shilled, I think we can learn a lot of words. Works cited1 Zhang Weiyou. English Lexicology. Wuhan: Huazhong Normal University Pr

42、ess. 2012.2 Yu Minhong. TEM-4 Classified vocabulary. Beijing: Qunyan Press. 2008.3 Ling shuangying. Modernistic English Grammar. Haikou: Nanhai Press. 20024 Jiang Zheng. Prefixes Suffixes Roots. Beijing. Beijing Press. 2002.5 The group of English Chinese dictionary. English Chinese Dictionary. Beijing. Waiwen Press. 2010