英国文学史重要资料详细解读.doc

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1、!-1 The Medieval Age1. Types of LiteraturePoetry， Drama， Prose（novels, short stories, and essays）Anglo-Saxons:2. Three tribes- the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes Language: Germanic dialects3. Anglo-Saxon historyAnglo-Saxon period : 449-1066；Anglo-Norman period : 1066-1350；Literature is divided into t

2、wo parts: Pagan（异教） and Christian4. The Middle Ages In Europe: usu. from 5th c. to 16th c., marked by division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange. In Brita

3、in: 446-14666. 3 stages of English lg DevelopmentOld English /Anglo-Saxon (usu. the language up to 1066)；Middle English (about 1100-1500)；Modern English (about 1500-present)II. Beowulf and balladsBeowulf: heroic epic; 1st English national literary workcf: First Chinese literary workThe Book of Songs

4、 (Classic of Poetry)（诗经）（305 poems from Xizhou to middle Chunqiu: folk songs, sacrificial songs and ceremonial songs ）III. Geoffrey Chaucer(ca 1343-1400)Major works: The House of Fame (1379-1384) ；Troilus and Criseyde (1372-1385) ；The Canterbury Tales(1386-1400)Status in literature : “father of Engl

5、ish poetry” & one of the greatest narrative poets in Britain;first great poet in the current English language;IV. Selected writing1. The Canterbury TalesOriginal plan: a collection of stories in a frame tale, between 1387 and 1400 about 30 pilgrims from London to Canterbury. Each pilgrim, from all l

6、ayers of society, tells 4 stories to each other to kill time while traveling.Part IV The Renaissance1.Renaissance Definition-(Fr.)rebirth or revival: a cultural movement roughly from 14th to 17th c., from Italy in late Middle Ages and later to the rest of Europe; a revival of learning based on class

7、ical sources;Influence: literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, & other aspects of intellectual enquiry; best known for artistic developments & contributions of such polymaths(博学大师) as Leonardo da Vinci & Michelangelo, who inspired the term Renaissance men. Renaissance marked a tra

8、nsition from the Medieval Period to the modern age in European history. 2) Two features of Renaissance(1) a thirst for classical lit.: They discovered and read ancient Greek & Roman classics which led to flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on.(2) a keen interest in life and human a

9、ctivities rather than religion3) Representatives & their famous worksLeonardo. Da Vinci(1452-1519) Mona Lisa (1479-1528), La Gioconda, wife of Francesco del Giocondo The Last Supper 1498 2) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) sculptor, painter, architect & poet David Gigantic marb

10、le, started in 1501 & finished in 1504 The Holy Family with the infant St. John the Baptist (the Doni Tondo) The Creation of Adam (Fragment of the Sistine Chapel ceiling) 1511-12 Fresco(壁画): The Separation of Light and Darkness (1508-1512), Sistine Chapel, Vatican 3) Dante (1472-1629)Dante Alighieri

11、： poet, prose writer, lit. theorist, moral philosopher, political thinkerDivine Comedy （神曲） To be widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature, & as one of greatest works of world lit.2. Old England in TransitionHistorical background: 16th c-from feudalism to capitalism: “sheep devo

12、ured men” by Thomas MoreAbsolute monarchy: break off with the Pope, dissolving all the monasteries & abbeys(修道院), confiscating their lands and proclaiming himself head of the Church of England. Absolute monarchy reached its summit during reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558-1603).Hundred Years War with Fra

13、nce(1336-1453) civil wars.Henry VII(1481-1509): Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.sea power after defeating Spaindevelopment of science & art3. English RenaissanceDefinition: Largely literary, a great number of classical works

14、were translated into Eng. during 16th c., which was carried out by progressive thinkers of humanists. Chief interest: not in ecclesiastical（基督教的;(与)教会(有关)的）knowledge, but in man, his environment & doings; brave fight for emancipation（解放） of man from tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Greates

15、t achievement: Elizabethan drama Shakespeare, C. Marlow (blank verse) & B. Johnson; prose F. Bacon, T. More (Utopia)Subject matter: away from religious subjects, & into other realms of social & personal lifeII. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. Life and career1564: Born in market town- Stratford-upo

16、n-Avon; 1571: local grammar school (Latin & Greek); 1585, left for London, 1st worked by taking care of horses, gradually joined actors, & by 1592, a leading actor. In addition to acting, began to write plays and poems.2. WorksRoughly 4 periods: 37 plays, 2 narrative poems & 154 sonnets1590 -1594 -

17、apprenticeship: early history plays & a group of comedies 1595 -1600 - rapid growth & development: more careful & artistic work, better plot, and a marked increase in knowledge of human nature 1601 - 1608- gloom and depression: a period of his tragedies 1609 -1612- restored serenity: calm after stor

18、m 1) Comedy Alls Well That Ends Well (dark comedy) As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline (romantic tragic comedy)（辛白林） Loves Labours Lost (爱的徒劳)Measure for Measure The Merry Wives of Windsor Merchant of Venice A Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre Taming of

19、 the Shrew The Tempest（骚动） (romantic tragicomedy) Troilus and Cressida Twelfth Night Two Gentlemen of Verona Winters Tale (romantic tragicomedy) 2) History Henry IV, part 1 Henry IV, part 2 Henry V Henry VI, part 1 Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Henry VIII King John RichardII Richard III 3) Trage

20、dy Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet * Julius Caesar King Lear *Macbeth * Othello * Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus 4) Poetry Sonnets A Lovers Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy（哀歌） by W.S. 3. Shakespeares achievements1) He represents the trend of his

21、tory in giving voice to the desires & aspirations of the people: peace under a strong monarch who would unite the whole country.2) Humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, he reflects the spirit of his age. 3) Characters are “round”(many aspects or dimensions): vice & virtue c

22、ommingle, true of common sense of humanity;4) Originality: though drawing mostly from sources known to audience, his plays are original for his instilling into old materials a new spirit. 5) Shakespeare as a great poet-both a great dramatist & poet:Sonnets, long poems, his dramas all in poetic form

23、rich in images, conceit（别出心裁的比喻）, metaphors & symbols; lyrical, poetical, ecstatic, pathetic（狂喜的）, cynical（愤世嫉俗的）, sarcastic, and ironic. 6) Shakespeare as master of the English language: A command of about 15,000 words with different meanings of the same word, or vice versa; many of his quotations

24、& phrases have been absorbed into the English lg.4. Work study: HamletMaster art-madness real & sham; intentional killing & unintentional; play within the play;reversion or surprise turn of events; hesitation: both love & hatred for the mother;killing & delay; language & characterization, etc.Langua

25、gecourtly: elaborate, witty discourse Hamlet is most skilled at rhetoric: highly developed metaphors, stichomythia(轮流对白), & in 9 memorable words, deploying both anaphora（首语重复）& asyndeton（连接词省略）: to die: to sleep / To sleep, perchance to dream. precise & straightforward，st. puns Themerevenge & strugg

26、le for the throne within the court, but main purpose was for the revelation of sth more profound & realistic: contradiction between humanist ideals and the reality. Soliloquy（独白）a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist rev

27、eals inner thoughts & feelings to audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address; also known as interior monologue(内心独白). Hamlets soliloquiesHe interrupts himself, vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself, & embellishing(润色) his own words. He has difficulty

28、 expressing himself directly and instead blunts thrust of his thought with wordplay. It is not until late in the play, after his experience with the pirates, that he is able to articulate his feelings freely. 译文欣赏生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题； 默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭， 或是挺身反抗人世间无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在

29、这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛， 以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。 死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。 人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故； 谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？ 谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人

30、回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫， 决心那赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑 之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。3. Sonnets2types: Italian & English or Shakespearean Italian type: after Italian poet F. Petrarca (1304-74). 14 lines break into an octave(八行诗节,

31、with rhymes abbaabba , describing a problem) and a sestet(六行诗节, with rhymes cdecde, cdccdc, or cdedce, providing a resolution).English or Shakespearean type: 3 quatrains(四行诗) & a couplet with rhymes abab cdcd efef ggSubject matter: Italian form: usu. a subject (problem) in the octave, then a turn at

32、 beginning of the sestet, releasing the tension built up in the octave.Shakespearean form: a wider range of possibilities: an idea in the 1st quatrain, complicates it in the 2nd, complicates it still further in the 3rd, and resolves the whole thing in the final epigrammatic(警句的) couplet. III. Franci

33、s Bacon (1561-1626)1. Life and career1561: son of a government minister attended Cambridge at 12 16at 17: ambassador to France At 26: Parliament Member Lord Keeper, Lord Chancellor of England Made a peer(贵族), with titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount(子爵) St Albans, but was imprisoned for taking brib

34、es2. Major works1605: The Advancement of Learning（论学术的进展）1620: Novum Organum （新工具）1625: Essays 1627: The New Atlantis（新大西岛）3. Bacons essays 1st to write essays in English; purpose: for ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of upper class to learn how to be efficient & make their way in public life;

35、 wide range of subjects: philosophy, science, history, literature, etc.status: landmark in development of English prose; method: inductive method (归纳法) in place of deductive method (演绎法); features: brevity, compactness(紧凑) & powerfulness4. Bacons influenceHis ideas about improvement of the human lot

36、 were influential in 1630-1650s among Parliamentarian scholars; During the Restoration, as a guiding spirit of Royal Society under Charles II in 1660; One of the 1st to fully understand that knowledge is power- science would serve to improve the human conditions & create a better world. In 19th c.,

37、his emphasis on induction was revived & developed; The final goal of science is the relief of mans estate and the effecting of all things possible.5. Work study: “Of Studies” Subject:benefits of study - serve for delight, for ornament, & for ability; perfect nature, & to be perfected by experience;

38、Different ways to pursue studies study & experience are complementary to each other; Correct attitude to reading books - weigh & consider. influence over human character - reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.Structure: A. analyzing what studies chiefly serve fo

39、r; B. different ways to pursue studies; C. how studies exert influence over human character.Features: practical philosophy scientific accuracy rich knowledge & wisdom Full of rhetoric perfect art of prose： -witty, clear, concise -forceful & persuasive, compact & precise, graceful & balanced, sensibl

40、e & calm, & full of wisdom论读书 -王佐良译读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难，不

41、可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。

42、滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。IV. ConclusionRenaissancea transition from Medieval Period to the modern age in European history; fastening the breaking up of religion & politics, and rise up of the bourg

43、eois classShakespearegreatest dramatist in history, leaving us a rich legacy of dramaFrancis Bacon1st to write essays & greatest essayist in English; works covering a wide range of subjects: philosophy, science, history, literature, etc.Part V Revolution & RestorationI. RestorationMonarchs: House of

44、 Tudor: Elizabeth I (1558-1603) House of Stuart: James I (1603-25) & Charles I (1625-49) The Commonwealth: Oliver Cromwell (1649-58) & Richard Cromwell (1658-59) House of Stuart, Restored: Charles II (1660-85) & James II (1685-88) 17th c.: most tempestuous(狂暴的) period in Br. History-revolution (cont

45、radictions betw. feudal & bourgeoisie)-Commonwealth (1653)Puritans: divine right of individual conscience-renouncing(声明放弃) a life of joy in this world in hope of an eternal joy in the world to come;struggle betw. peoples Parliament and the Throne;Restoration: monarchy restored (1660);Prince Willian

46、Orange (1688): supremacy of Parliament, beginning of modern England, & final triumph of principle of political liberty;II. PuritanismPuritans refer to the more extreme Protestants in the 16th c. within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming doc

47、trines & structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In 17th c. many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that

48、area into the 19th century. Doctrines of Puritanism:Sin: born with incurable sin seven deadly sins: greed (avarice), envy, loath（不情愿）, gluttony(贪食), wrath, luxury & pride. Human beings are permanent sinners. Its difficult to live a good life. Only after sin, we can go to the paradise. In a way, sin leads to a good way.