英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译.doc

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1、SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius theory of cultivating ones behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, th

2、e cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (抛弃) by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to parent

3、s. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to论语是儒家学派的经典著作 ( classics) 之一，该书记录了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想（central theme）：仁、义 (righteousness)、礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观（kernel value）。仁是指爱父母和敬长兄，如果这种对家庭成员的情感伸延 (extend to) 到社会的其

4、他人身上， 人与人之间和睦关系也就建立起来了。The Analects is one of the Confucian classics. The book records the sayings and behaviours of Confucius and his disciples. It teaches the central theme of Confucianism including humaneness, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, of which humaneness is Confucius kernel value. Hu

5、maneness is taken as love for parents and respect for elder brothers. If the feelings for family members are extended to other people in the society, harmonious relationships among individuals will be built up. 慕课脚本1、The Wisdom of Confucius discusses the most important school of Chinese philosophy C

6、onfucianism with the focus on its core concepts Ren and Li. Ren means goodness or benevolence and Li means ritual or propriety. Ren and Li were advocated by Confucius 2500 years ago for the purpose of restoring political order of Zhou Dynasty. The doctrine has exerted a great influence on Chinese cu

7、lture ever since, from cultivating filial piety at home, to giving love to everybody, until keeping social and political order in a country. With Ren and Li, Chinese culture is characterized by harmony and equilibrium, building harmonious relationships between human and nature, between any individua

8、ls, and keeping equilibrium socially, economically and politically. That is Confucius wisdom and that is the essence of traditional Chinese thinking.在道德经中，老子建立了以“道”为核心的哲学体系。老子提出的“道”是“非常道”。他认为宇宙万物均起源于“道”， 道具有无为、相反、无形、无名、玄妙等特征。道家的许多原理(principles)已经成为中国人重要的理想准则(important ideals and norms), 对于中国文化发展形成了重

9、大影响。 In the Dao De Jing, Laozi established a philosophy system centered on Dao. He refers Dao as invariable and constant Dao. He holds that Dao is the origin of the cosmos and that Dao is characterized by non-action, opposition, shapelessness, namelessness, obscurity, etc. Many Daoist principles hav

10、e already been Chinese peoples important ideals and norms and have exerted a profound influence on the development of Chinese culture.一般情况下，汉字是由十几种基本笔画构成的。笔画和大多数欧洲语言的字母作用类似，只是笔画之间无法构成“音节”。汉字有八个基本的笔画：点、横、折、竖、钩、提、撇、捺。 在一个小小的方形空间中，将笔画组合成字时，必然要采取数量不等的笔画以及各种各样的连接和排列方式，以求使字形易识而又简洁。于是在这方形空间里，各式笔画就采取了上下、左右、

11、分合、交叉、穿插、重叠、堆积、包裹等组合方式。Chinese characters, in general, are composed of a dozen basic strokes, which have similar functions to the letters of the Western languages. But they do not combine sounds into syllables. There are eight basic strokes: dot, horizontal stroke, turning stroke, vertical stroke, h

12、ook stroke, right-upward stroke, left-downward stroke and right-downward stroke. In a small square space, characters are composed of different strokes linked and arranged in various ways, thus they are easy to be recognized, and look neat. These strokes are placed in various positions in the square

13、upper or lower, left or right, separate or linked, crossed, going through, overlapping, piling up or surrounding. (Para. 5)一时礼毕，贾敬贾赦等便忙退出至荣府，专候与贾母行礼。尤氏上房地下，铺满红毡，当地放着象鼻三足泥鳅流金珐琅大火盆，正面炕上铺着新猩红毡子，设着大红彩绣云龙捧寿的靠背、引枕、坐褥，外另有黑狐皮的袱子搭在上面。 After this ceremony, ha Jing, bia She and the other men hurried to the Ron

14、g Mansion, where they waited to pay their respects to the Lady Dowager. She, however, now went to Madam Yous sitting room, the floor of which was covered with a red carpet where stood a large gilded cloisonne brazier, its three legs in the form of elephant trunks. On the kang by the north wall were

15、a new crimson rug and red silk back-rests and bolsters embroidered with Dragons in the Clouds designs and the character Longevity. On it, too, were spread a black fox-skin and a big white fox-skin mattress.中国菜（Chinese cuisine）享誉世界，是世界美食的明珠。中国菜菜系繁多，烹饪方法也不尽相同。其四大要素色、形、香、味，决定了菜品的好坏，也是判断其质量的标准。中国的南北方饮食也

16、各具特色。北方菜以色艳味重取胜，最大的特点就是就地取材，讲究火候。南方有些地方的菜则口味清淡，注重保留食材的原始味道。Chinese cuisine, which is world famous, is a pearl of world cuisine. It has various styles of cooking and its cooking techniques are diverse as well. Chinese cuisine features four elements color, shape, aroma and taste. The four elements dec

17、ide how good a dish is and are also the criteria of judging its quality. The northern foods and southern foods have their unique characteristics. The northern dishes attach great importance to bright color and strong taste, with the greatest feature of using local food materials and controlling cook

18、ing time and temperature. However, in some parts of southern China, the dishes feature light taste and remain the original flavor of the food materials.Miaojian 庙见- paying a visit to the ancestral temple of the grooms family clanMeeting parents-in-law 认亲Returning to the brides parents home 三朝回门；归宁中国

19、传统的婚礼流程从求婚开始，男方会送一封书信至女方家，请求迎娶他们家的女儿。多数情况下，男方家会雇用一位媒人沟通双方家庭。准新郎和准新娘的生辰八字也要进行比对，以确保不犯冲。如今，中国大城市的婚礼跟西方很相似。然而，有些小地方仍然遵循传统，婚礼流程也基本未变。Traditional Chinese wedding process starts with a proposal of marriage and a letter is sent from the groom to the brides family asking for permission to marry their daught

20、er. In many cases, a matchmaker is employed by the grooms family to communicate the families of both parties. The Eight Characters of Birth of the bride-to-be and the one of the groom-to-be are checked to make sure the couple is compatible. Today, wedding ceremonies in large cities of China closely

21、resemble the western ones. In smaller places, however, the traditions are still kept and the wedding process is almost unchanged.从服饰成为人们说一部分的那天起，人们就已将社会地位、生活方式、审美情趣、以及种种文化观念融入到服饰中。服饰在任何时代都是社会历史风貌最真实、最直观的反映。从这个意义上说，服饰的历史也是一部生动的文明发展史。在我们这个历史悠久的衣冠之国，不仅有丰富的考古资料记录服饰发展的历史，在古代神话、史书、诗歌、小说以及戏剧中，与服饰有关的记载也随处可见

22、。 From the day garments became part of peoples lives, they have been endowed with connotations concerning the social status, lifestyles, aesthetics and cultural concepts. Garments have always been the truest and most straightforward reflection of the social and historical scenes of any given time. I

23、n this sense, the history of garments is also a vivid development history of civilization. In our country with a long history of garments and ornaments, there is a wealth of archeological findings showing the development of garments, as well as their portrayals in ancient mythology, history books, p

24、oems and songs, novels and dramas.紫禁城位于北京中心，它是从明朝到清末的皇家帝宫，现为故宫博物院所在地。它见证了14位明朝皇帝和10位清朝皇帝登基。紫禁城展示了明清两朝的宫廷文化、生活方式，以及满汉民族的交流与融合，体现了多民族文化。它体现了当时的建筑形制、建筑等级、建筑技法和建筑艺术，是当时建筑的典范。我们要加强对其真实性、完整性的可持续性保护，更好地彰显紫禁城的科学、历史和艺术价值。Located in the centre of Beijing, the Forbidden City was the imperial palace from the Mi

25、ng Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and now houses the Palace Museum. It witnessed the enthronement of 14 Ming and 10 Qing emperors. Displaying the court cul-ture, the lifestyles and the exchanges and integration between the Manchu and Han peoples of Ming and Qing dynasties, the Forbidden City embodies m

26、ulti-ethnic culture. It is also a state-of-art exemplar of the time, showing the architectural layout, hierarchy, construction tech-niques and architectural art. It is necessary for us to enhance the sus-tainable protection of the authenticity and integrity of the property in order to better showcas

27、e the scientific, historic and artistic values of the Forbidden City.太和殿、中和殿、保和殿共处的土字形大台基，其长度为232米，宽度为130米，二者之比为9:5；天安门城楼面阔九间，进深五间，二者之比仍为9:5。中国古代奇数为阳，偶数为阴。紫禁城中外朝宫殿数量皆为阳数，而内廷宫殿数量为阴数。阳数中九为最高，五居正中，因而古代常以九和五象征帝王的权威。The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Middle Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmon

28、y erect above a 土-shaped terrace, which is 232 meters long and 130 meters wide with the ratio of length and width 9:5. Tiananmen Gate is nine bays wide and five bays deep with the ratio of width and depth 9:5. In ancient China, the odd numbers are yang while the even numbers are yin. The number of t

29、he palaces of the Outer Court of the Forbidden City is yang while that of the Inner Court is yin. Among the numbers of yang, nine is the highest one while five ranks in the middle. So in ancient times, nine and five symbolize the imperial power of the emperors. 京剧是中国的国粹。京剧的服装、脸谱（facial makeup）受到人们的喜

30、爱。不同类型的服装反映人物不同的社会地位。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色的善恶。比如白色代表阴险狡诈（treachery），黑色代表直率鲁莽（forthrightness and recklessness），蓝色代表刚强骁勇。Peking Opera is the cream of Chinese culture. And its costumes and facial makeup are popular with people. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect

31、 the characters different social status. Facial makeups, using different colors painting on faces, are employed as an important way to portray characters in Peking Opera. People can tell whether the character is good or bad from the colors of the facial makeups. For example, white usually represents

32、 treachery, black forthrightness and recklessness, and blue bravery.中医是世界医学的一份遗产(heritage)。中医的治疗效果和医治方式使其在世界上越来越流行。中医起源于古代，经过长时间的发展，收集了治疗不同疾病的各种方法。中医讲究人体系统的平衡。据说，如果人的身体系统平衡，疾病就会消失。TCM is a heritage of world medicine. The effect and way to heal people of TCM make it mroe and more popular in the world

33、. Originated from the ancient time, TCM has developed in a long time and has collecte various ways to treat different illness. TCM pays attention to the balance of the body system. It is said that once the body system is in balance, the illness will disappear.中国研究绘画的学者，留给后世篇帙浩繁的艺术评论著作。这些著作精细地分析了“形”即

34、所绘物体的外貌，”理“即你在的条理或精神，”意“即画家自身的设想。”士大夫画“反映了一种对”被役而非自主的象真“的抗议。宋代文人特别强调”理“，即物体内在的精神。无意义的外形之精细是商业美术家的工作；绘画之所以成为艺术，必以把握住精神为目标。Chinese scholars researching painitngs left behind a tremendous amount of works of art criticism. These works analyzed in detail xing, the physical forms of the painted object, li

35、, the intrinsic law or spirit, and yi, the artists own conception. The “scholar painting” was a reflection of protest agaist slavish verisimilitude. Scholars in the Song Dynasty, in particular, emphasized li, the inner spirit of objects. Mere accuracy of details without meaning is the job of commercial artists; whereas only taking spirit as aim can painting be called art.