（整理版高中英语）语法精讲1非谓语动词的句法功能.doc

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1、 成分非谓语主语表语宾语定语状语宾语补足语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词非谓语形式构成时态和语态否认式复合结构不定式to do to be doing to have doneto be done to have been done在非谓语前加notfor sb. to do sth.分词现在分词doing having donebeing done having been done过去分词done动名词doing having donebeing done having been donesb.s doing1动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示具体动作；动名词作主语通常用以表示一

2、件的事或经验，说明主语的内容或性质；不定式作主语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。如：Smoking is forbidden here.It is not very good to smoke so much.2)不定式作表语和动名词作表语的区别同上。3作表语的现在分词和过去分词相当于形容词，表示主语的性质。如：The film is moving.Im surprised to find that he is copying my composition.1只带不定式作宾语的动词:afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want

3、,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange,determine,desire等。以下动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find,out,advise,discuss等。2只带动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,es

4、cape,permit。另外，以下动词短语接动名词：leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in) doing sth.,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,be worth。1不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系、主谓关系、同位关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.There is no one to look after her.Do keep your promi

5、se to write to me.以下词语后常接不定式作定语：chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,the,first,the second,the last,the only等。2动名词作定语表示用途。如：a washing machinea swimming pool3)作定语的现在分词和过去分词相当于形容词，说明被修饰名词的性质。如：an interesting storya shocked girl1)不定式作状语，通常表示目的，或表示意外结果。To pass the entrance exam,he

6、works hard.He got to the railway station,only to find the train had gone.2)分词作状语可表示伴随、时间、方式、原因等。现在分词表示分词与句子主语之间是主动关系，过去分词那么表示分词与句子主语之间是被动关系。另外，现在分词也可作结果状语，表示实际的结果。The students went into the classroom,talking and laughing.(伴随状语)Seeing the old man was in trouble,Tom went to help him.(时间状语)A fire broke

7、n out last night,destroying the whole house.(结果状语)1在ask,beg,order,encourage,get,tell,want,wish等词的后面只能用不定式作宾补；而在感官动词和使役动词后,那么用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。The teacher told us to clean the windows.I noticed the boy go into the shop.2现在分词作宾补表示与宾语之间为主动关系，过去分词作宾补表示与宾语之间为被动关系。Dont have the water running all the time.His

8、 uncle had his house broken into while he was away on business.考题再现【考例1】(湖南高考，28) If you think that treating a woman well means always_her permission for things,think again. C.to get 解析:mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事，表示如果你认为对一个妇女好就意味着得到她给你东西的允许。mean to do sth.意为“打算做某事，其主语常常是人。答案:D【考例2】 (高考，28) That sounds

9、 very much_in the job,but Im not sure whether he can manage it. 解析:sound意为“听起来，是系动词，后接形容词，不与副词连用。interesting和interested均为interest的派生形容词，并均可用作定语和表语，但interesting意为“有趣的，指有趣味的、令人感兴趣的、能引起好奇心或求知欲，具有主动意义，既可修饰人，也可修饰物。修饰人表示某人很有趣。interested意为“感兴趣，指人被引起兴趣，具有被动意义，常修饰人，很少修饰物，常用于be interested in sth.结构，表示“对感兴趣。根据

10、句意可判断出汤姆听起来对这项工作感兴趣。答案:A【考例3】(一模) _the right decisions the future is probably the most important things well ever do in our lives.A.Making;concerned B.To make;concerningC.To make;concerned D.Making;concerning解析:考查作主语的非谓语形式。动名词作主语表示一个现在的抽象动作，或表示一个的事或经验；而不定式作主语表示具体动作或一件未完成的事或目的。答案:D【考例4】(高考，32) There

11、is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.My goodness!I cant imagine_that old.A.to be B.to have been D.having been解析：imagine“想象，设想，后可跟名词、代词、动名词，that，wh从句作宾语，或用于imagine+宾语+to be结构。由此知A、B两项不符合其用法。由句中时态判断，此处应用一般式而非完成式。答案：C【考例5】(高考，34) Russand Earl were auto mechanics_the same pay,but Earl h

12、ad more ambition.A.to earn B.to have earned 解析：分析句式结构可知，该空格处的earn与Russ and Earl构成逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用earning,为现在分词短语作定语。答案：C【考例6】(高考，30) this cake,youll need 2 eggs,175 g sugar and 175 g flour.A.Having made C.To make 解析：此题主句表示将来发生，因此状语需用动词的不定式表示目的。答案：C【考例7】(高考，40) _utomatically,the e-mail will be received b

13、y all the club members.A.Mailed out B.Mailing outC.To be mailed out D.Having mailed out解析：由上下文逻辑可知，the email与mail out之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故需用过去分词。答案：A【考例8】(高考，36) The mother felt herself_cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. C.to grow D.to have grown解析：feel为感官动词，其后跟省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。herself与grow之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故应使用主动形式。答案：A