（整理版高中英语）非谓语动词2.doc

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1、非 谓 语 动 词知识精讲 非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的一个重点和难点之一。主要的考察形式为单项选择，在历年各地高考题目中广泛出现。高中阶段，我们学习的非谓语动词内容包括不定式、动名词和分词的用法以及非谓语动词的复合结构用法。一、 概念和根本知识：什么是非谓语动词？ 首先，我们要了解英语中根本的句子结构： 主语 谓语 宾语补语 定语 状语 定语 我们知道主语和宾语分别是一个动作的发出者和接受者，他们具有名词的性质 即使主语或宾语是一个短语或者从句，也可以把它整体看作一个名词。这种思维方法很重要，相当于数学当中的整体思想。谓语表示一个动作或一种存在的状态，具有一般的动词的性质。定语是对主语和宾语

2、起修饰、限定作用的成分，往往具有形容词的性质。状语是对谓语动词在时间、地点、方式、目的、程度等方面进行修饰的成分，一般具有副词的性质。 由上我们可以知道，一般来说，动词都是放在谓语的位置上的，但是在具体的语境之中，为了使意思表达连贯完整，我们往往要借用动词来充当句子当中的其它成分。这个时候，我们的动词就不能够再以动词本身的面貌出现在句子中，而是通过变化变成了不定式、动名词和分词等等形式。有了恰当的形式，这些动词就可以在句子当中充当除了谓语以外的其它成分。这就是我们所说的非谓语动词。二、非谓语动词的根本性质非谓语动词既然不出现在谓语的位置，那么他们在句子中也就不具有动词的性质，而是具有诸如名词、

3、形容词和副词等等的词性。一个完整的简单句子里面，只能有一套主谓宾的结构。也就是说，如果一个句子里面已经有了一个谓语动词，就不可能再有另外的谓语动词出现了。以上不包括用but、and连接和从句的情况。下面对非谓语动词常见的三种形式的根本性质总结列表：性质 词 类 常见形式 常见词性 在句子中的用法不 定 式To do、to be done名词、形容词、副词作主语、宾语、定语、表语、补足语及目的状语动 名 词Ving名词主语、宾语、表语、定语分 词Ved、Ving形容词、副词定语、状语、表语、补足语及状语等注意：不定式和分词一般是与其它词连接形成短语之后才具有了形容词、副词的性质。我们平常说的“短

4、语作定语、“短语作状语指的就是这种情况。例如：“To marry her这个短语作为一个整体来作目的状语。通过表格我们不难发现，这三类词在形状、词性、用法等方面都有相似性。但是他们用在句子当中是有着不同的效果的。功能及用法 二、 动词不定式：动词不定式由to + 动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如表所示以及物动词do为例，不及物动词没有被动语态。 1定义及构成：语态时 态主 动被 动一 般 式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto ha

5、ve been done完成进行式to have been doing/不定式的否认式为：not + (to) do 1一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作是同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， 例如 Im glad to meet you. The patient asked to be operated on at once. 2进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 3完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在

6、谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film.2不定式的句法功能：1作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose

7、 your heart. 2作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. 3作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer等。如果不定式宾语后面有宾语补足语，那么用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语不定式后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation

8、 in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词如but或except的宾语，如： I have no choice but / except to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but / except repair his bike. 注意：but / except前有实意动词do及相应形式时，不定式符号to常省略。动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中， 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,

9、wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 以下动词后：5看( look at，see，watch，notice，observe )， 3使 ( make，let，have )， 2听 ( listen to，hear )，1感觉 ( feel ) 等可与不带t

10、o的不定式连用作宾语补足语； 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。help后的to在主动被动句中均可加可省。如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. I helped him ( to) cross the road.第一个句子中的cross也可变成crossing; 第二句中的to cross也可变成crossing。具体可参考后面的三现在分词注意： 以下结构中用不定式作主语补足语：sb / sth. be said / believed / known / reported / considered / found

11、等+ to不定式。如： He is said to have gone abroad. ( = It is said that he has gone abroad.) Heat is considered to be a form of energy. ( = It is considered that heat is a form of energy)5作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. ( attend a meeting )注意：此时不定式中的动词或动词短语应是及物动词；其后是

12、否接介词、用什么介词要根据句子实际情况。如： I have nothing to write. ( write nothing. 说明书写的内容) I have nothing to write about. ( write about sth. 说明关于哪方面的话题而书写) I have no pen to write with. ( write with a pen. 说明书写的工具) I have no paper to write on. ( write on paper. 说明书写在纸上面)不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，也应有必要的介词，如： He found

13、 a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place, way等时，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? ( you send anything, 发出动作send的人为you

14、) Have you got anything to be sent? ( 发出动作send的人不是该句的主语you, 而是另有其人)说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. 6作状语：表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. To buy the watch chain, she sold her hair. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： To save money, eve

15、ry means has been tried. To save money, he has tried every means. To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表意想不到的结果, 常用only、just或never等放在不定式前表示强调： He arrived late to find the train gone. I visited him only to find him out. His father left when he w

16、as young, never to be heard again.表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. 7作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 8不定式的省略：保存to省略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 不定式的省略。以下短语中，

17、如果意义明确，常常省略到to：want to , wish to , hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to9不定式的并列：由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 二动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式：Ving； 否认式：否认性副词如not+ 动名

18、词1一般式： Seeing is believing. 2被动式： He came to the party without being invited 3完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 4完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 5否认式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice.6复合结构：物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词 He suggested our / us / Li Hua /

19、Li Huas trying it once again. His / Li Huas not knowing English troubled him a lot. 2动名词的句法功能： 1作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling.2作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如： Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和

20、照顾孩子。比拟：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 3作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，假设跟有宾语补足语，那么常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fu

21、n of others. 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid防止, excuse , delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit成认，deny否认, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk冒险, appreciate感谢, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help情不自禁地, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent (from), keep from,

22、stopfrom, protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like 但要注意具体使用中也会出现不同的用法。如： Sorry, I cant help carry the box for you. Im too tired. ( cant help 此时表帮不了忙) The day we are looking forward to will come soon.

23、( to的宾语是the day )4以下动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语时，意义有区别：forget to do 忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记做了某事remember to do记住要做某事 remember doing 记着做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事 mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示懊悔 regret doing 对做过去的事懊悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事learn to do 学着去做某事

24、 learn doing 学会做某事stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做另外一件事 go on doing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事6动名词主动形式表被动的情况：need doing , want doing , require doing The car needs to be washed now. = The car needs washing.三现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 否认式：not

25、+ 现在分词 1现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basketball. 2现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many time

26、s, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 2现在分词的句法功能： 1作定语：现在分词可作定语。当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语那么放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaki

27、ng to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语可理解为n + for doing，表目的、功能或用途；现在分词作定语可理解为n + which (who) be doing，表正在； 如：a sleeping car = a car for sleepinga running horse = a horse which is running前者是动名词，后者是现在分词。又如：drinking water , walking stick running water , sl

28、eeping boy2现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 3作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：5看( look at，see，watch，notice，observe )； 3使 ( make，let，have )； 2听 ( listen to，hear

29、)；1感觉 ( feel )； find，get，keep，leave, catch等。 例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? He kept the car waiting at the gate. 以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语 (主语) 补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4)：即以上动词除let，make ( -2 ) 外都可以用现在分词作宾语(主语)补足语，此外find，catch，keep，leave ( +4 ) 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如： I hate to see you leave so soon. So

30、meone was heard to come up the stairs. At that time, I found him crying in the street Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time He was caught stealing4现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 作方

31、式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus,

32、a bird fell on my head All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 有时也可用with (without) + 名词代词宾格+ 分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of speaking o

33、f 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。speaking 不是dogs 的动作四过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式： 规那么动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规那么动词的过去分词

34、没有统一的规那么要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是

35、系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.系表 The window was broken by the boy.被动 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water开水 fallen leaves落叶 newly arrived goods新到的货 the risen sun升起的太阳 the changed world变了的世界 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed，retired, escaped,

36、faded 等。a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match烧完了的火柴3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbors, he became the pri

37、de of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。表示原因 Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。表示时间 Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。表示条件 Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。表示让步 Filled with hopes and fears, he ent

38、ered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 应注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别： Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? talking为现在分词，表正在 The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. = The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor. wounded为过去分词，表被动 China is

39、 a developing country and America is a developed country.2分词作表语 From his frightened look, we know he saw something terrible. From his frightening look, we guess he may punish us. The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited .1现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别： The news is interesting . He is interested in the

40、news .doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。2表语与被动式的区别： The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .强调动作 The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.强调状态3常作表语的过去分词： amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , w

41、orried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done3现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别 The situation in our country is encouraging. ( 表语 ) The situation in our country is encouraging the people. ( 现在进行时) My job is looking after the little baby. ( 动名词 )能答复how-question 的是现在分词，能答复what - qu

42、estion 的动名词，即不能答复how - question 也不能答复what - question的是现在进行时。例如：How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging. What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby.4注意的四种结构：have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 让某事一直

43、做着5分词做状语与不定式做状语的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。 Having finished the homework , I went home. 时间 Being a Party member , I should work hard. 原因 Given more time ,I can do my work better. 条件 He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. 伴随 To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder. (目的) He is old enough to join the army. 结果6分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is runninga fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has