（整理版高中英语）高考英语专题讲练测讲义集（教师）专题8定语从句.doc

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1、一、【专项直击】【考情分析】高考研究定语从句是英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。预测今后高考定语从句的考查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查。【知识要点】定语从句一根本概念1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的局部内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和根本

2、用法表一分类指代引导词关系代词人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物表所属关系whose关系副词地点where时间when原因why表二 关系代词指代例句解释who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语，可省略whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语thatIm not the fool

3、 that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语asIt

4、 is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语表三 关系副词指代例句解释when时间Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语

5、二定语从句的注意点本局部的内容比拟复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被the only, the very修饰时句中已经有who或which时，为了防止重复时He told me ever

6、ything that he knows.All the books that you offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/w

7、hom指人在由“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况the way做先行词时Mary,there is on

8、e way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2.as、which和that的区别从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关

9、系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous f

10、ilm star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.同类工具，不是同一把Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。3. where、when与why引导的定语从句关系副词用 法例 句where关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。Were just trying

11、to teach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。There was _time _I hated to go to school.A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; whenwhy关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the

12、reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4.“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose,指人那么用“介词+whom/whose, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原那么：原那么内 容例 句原那么一根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who s

13、he was，she had run back in the direction_she had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向，故答案选D原那么二根据先行词而定There are two buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger o

14、f which解析 the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为D。5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现 象例 句在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。区分的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句

15、句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to? - Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. 解析 work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选C 。He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science .A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D.

16、I think is解析这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，应选A。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想， 不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语Do you remember one after

17、noon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamondnecklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后A new mas

18、ter will come tomorrow who will teach you German.6.定语从句与其它从句句型的区别类 别区 别例 句定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom；小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。定语从

19、句与状语从句定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。定语从句，先行词为the placeLets go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。地点状语从句定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？定语从句It wa

20、s already five oclock when the class was over.=When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是5点了。时间状语从句When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。定语从句Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。状语从句定语从句

21、中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它那么从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之

22、间有附属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很快乐。同位语从句此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使

23、大家都感兴趣。定语从句The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he toldus.定语从句与强调句强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调局部that从句。被强调局部可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调局部是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调局部是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works从

24、结构上看：小题是强调句，故填 that。小题那么是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。此外还要注意以下两点：定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成以下句子，使之完整与正确。 It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It iswas the firstsecond time that从句。故填that，其意为：这是她第一次在。小题the time是先行词，其

25、后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成以下句子，使之完整与正确。 The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者那么是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；小题那么填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运

26、用。二、【思维导航】定语从句是英语语法学习中的难点，从某种意义上说，这些从句的学习是整个英语学习过程中的关键。因此，近几年新课标地区及其他省市的高考英语试卷中都考查了定语从句。高考对于定语从句的考查主要集中在：(1)引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；(2)非限制性定语从句(特别是先行词是整个句子时)引导词aswhich的辨析；(3)由whose，where，that，as和“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，(4)连接词whichthatwhat的辨析；(5)where引导的定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句的辨析；(6)定语从句与强调句型的辨析；(7)带介词的定语从句中介词的选用。1注意知识积

27、累。掌握根本句型高考备考时，应加强对从句语法特征和语意特征的思考和学习，形成纯粹的英语思维能力。注意相似句型的积累，比拟其结构和意义。在平日的阅读过程中，遇到从句的时候，要停下来，考虑分析其功能和意义。例如： There was _ time _ I hated to go to school. A a; that B a; when C the; that D the; when 【解析】 正确答案是B。这里既考查了先行词time表示“时期、时代时前面用不定冠词a，又考查了关系副词when代替表时间的名词在定语从句中充当时间状语的用法。 2分析句子成分，判断从从句功能。遇到考查句法的题目时，

28、要通读全句，首先考虑是不是某种句型，如强调句型；题干句假设是疑问句，首先把它恢复为正常语宇；观察设空的前前后后，确定相关从句的性质；确定从句性质后?回忆相关从句的用法特点，从而做出取舍；注意标点符号和并列连词(and，but)的作用；将选项代入句子，看前后是否语意贯穿。例如：Was it in the village_we used to live in_the accident happened? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which 【解析】 正确答案是B。此题题意为“是在我们过去住过的村里发生了这起事故。

29、第一个空需要定语从句引导词which，在从句中当in的介词宾语,第二个是强调句型的that 。先把问句转换为陈述语序，然后分析强调句型中被强调局部带有一个定语从句。在定语从句中，领先行词是表示地点的词时，关系代词与关系副词的选择近三年全国各地区考查定语从句的题目中这类题目有12道。【例题1】York， I visited last year，is a nice old cityAthat Bwhich Cwhere Din which【解题指导】在高考考查定语从句试题中，有许多题目中的先行词是表示地点的名词，要正确判断用关系代词还是关系副词，要看引导词在从句中所作的成分。如果引导词在从句中作状

30、语，那么用where，否那么用that或which。考生可以采用补全法，即根据句意把从句补充完整，补上去的局部在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分，就可以很容易地确定用关系代词还是用关系副词了。【解析】B。采用补全法把从句补充完整：I visited York last year，很容易看出，补上去的成分作了动词visit的宾语，故用关系代词，因此答案为B。在定语从句中。“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中介词的选择近三年全国各地区考查定语从句的题目中这类题目有10道。【例题2】As soon as you get home from school，think about the ord

31、er you will do homework and how much time you will spend on each oneAof which Bin which Cthrough which Dat which【解题指导】在历年的高考试题中，介词+关系代词引导的定语从句试题频繁出现，其中关于介词确实定，考生可以采用复原法，把从句补充完整，建立与主句的关系，以便发现这个介词与句中其他局部的联系。可以从两个方面考虑：1从句子的意思角度考虑；2从搭配角度考虑。【解析】B。此题从搭配人手，inorder“意为按照顺序，此题即可迎刃而解。定语从句与并列句的区别近三年全国各地区考查定语从句的

32、题目中这类题目有6道。【例题3】The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday， didnt helpAit Bshe Cwhich Dhe【解题指导】首先看句子中是否有连词。有连词那么是并列句，如无连词，而是对一个名词进行补充说明，那么是非限制性定语从句(标志是：名词后有一个逗号)。【解析】C。此句中无并列连词，因此是非限制性定语从句，故用关系代词which，用来指代前面整个主句的内容。【例题4】Tne doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a hol

33、iday，but didnt helpAit Bshe Cwhich Dhe【解题指导】看清此题的关键词but。【解析】A。因为句中有并列连词but，所以构成了并列句，因此用代词it来指代前面所述之事。定语从句中的几个特殊先行词：point。casesituation近三年全国各地区考查定语从句的题目中有5道考查了先行词为point，situation，case时引导词的选择。【例题5】As a result of our serious staff shortages，the situation has risen we have to hire graduating college stu

34、dents for helpAthat Bwhen Cwhere Das【解题指导】英语中有几个词point，situation，case等，从外表上看它们不是表地点的，但却表示类似地点的意义，因此它们作先行词时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，那么这个引导词要用where；如果不作状语，那么用关系代词thatwhich。【解析】C。把从句补充完整：we have to hire graduating college students for help in the situation，可以看出，引导词在从句中作状语，故用关系副词，因此答案为c。【例题6】Now there is just one

35、point 1 wish you to make quite clearAwhere Bwhich Cwhether Dwhen【解题指导】做此题的关键是掌握句中名词point在此处的用法。【解析】B。把从句补充完整：1 wish you to make the point quite clear，可以看出，引导词在从句中作make的宾语，故用关系代词，因此答案为B。三、【考点在线】定语从句考点1 “介词+关系代词which/whom中介词和关系代词的选择介词后作宾语的关系代词为历年高考考查的重点，一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whos

36、e。如：The pen with which he wrote was made in China他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students那位有一棵大树。考点2 as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定1as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。(1)此时的as意为“

37、正如，正像。翻译时有时可不必译出。如：You are clever，as all those who know you can see你很聪明，所有认识你的人都能看出来。(2)在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如：As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger众所周知，中国正变得越来越强大。(3)as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句那么不可)。如：As is a f

38、act，Mike is expected to make a top student这是一个事实，迈克有望成为一名顶尖的学生。特别提示主句中出现the same，such，so修饰先行词时，要选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，此时as引导的是限制性定语从句。另外要注意：(1)the samethat与the sameas引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。试比拟：This is the same bag that I lost yesterday这正是我昨天丧失的那个书包。(同一个书包)This is the s

39、ame bag as I lost yesterday这个书包和我昨天丧失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个)(2)such/soas和such /sothat结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。如：They talked in such simple English as children could understand他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。(定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语)He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke他如此用力地关窗，结果玻璃碎了

40、。(结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果)2which引导的此类从句对主句所表达的事情进行补充说明，说明事物的状态或结果。(1)which此时指前面主句所提到的，常译为“这一点，这件事等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，且从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。如：He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied他工作干得不错，这使得他的老板很满意。(2)which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。如：She succeeded in the competition，which satisfi

41、ed her parents她在比赛中取得成功，这使得她的父母很满意。(3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。如：He often works far into the night，by which time everyone else has left the office他通常工作到深夜，到那时其他人已下班了。特别提示高考一般不考查as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别，但近年高考试题中出现过这个考点。一般来说，如果从句的含义是顺接主句的表达，那么这两个词都可以使用；如果从句的含义是对主句的否认，或者语意不是顺接的，那么只能用which。如：He came late to

42、school，which/as was what we had expected他上学迟到了，这是我们意料中的。He came late to school，which surprised US a11他上学迟到了，这让我们所有人都很惊讶。(不可用as)考点3 关系代词、关系副词引导定语从句的区分关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；而关系副词在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语。一般来说，关系副词在语义上相当于介词+which结构。试比拟：Ill never forget the days which I spent with you我不会忘记我们在一起度过的岁月。(which在定语从

43、句中作spent的宾语)Ill never forget the days when(=in which)we studied in Beijing我永远不会忘记我们一起在学习的时光。(when在定语从句中作时间状语，studied在此处为不及物动词，后面不再接宾语)考点4 定语从句的间隔现象定语从句一般紧接被它修饰的先行词，但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做被分隔的定语从句。在这种情况下，对关系词的准确判断显得相当重要，而且在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读时要注意识别。一般来说，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种情况：在先行词与定语从句之间插

44、入一个状语、定语，或被谓语动词分隔开。如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链吗?(先行词one afternoon与定语从句被状语ten years ago分隔开了)The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(作动词put的宾语)who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is ta

45、lking to?正在与李明谈话的Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。(关系代词不能省略)有些句型结构如同位语从句、状语从句和强调句与定语从句结构较相似，稍不认真就会出错。1定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the eompany他许诺如果他能获得那份工作，他将努力为公司挣尽可能多的钱。(that引导的同位语从句是对先行词a promise的进一步解释和说明)Mikes parents made a special promise to Tom that surprisedTom迈克的父母对汤姆许下了一个特别的诺言，这使得汤姆很惊奇。(that引导的定语从句是对先行词promise的修饰和