注塑模具之模具设计与制造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译.docx

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1、注塑模具之模具设计与制造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译 外文翻译： Injection moulding for Mold Design and Manufacture The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mo

2、ld and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80s later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterpris

3、e, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprises development also quite rapidly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domai

4、n. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry except must con

5、tinue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold

6、development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cuttin

7、g, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold

8、 standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; The three investments and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock syste

9、m transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized pr

10、ovince is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years. Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture ho

11、rizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects: (1) The total quantity falls short of demand Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%.

12、Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about. (2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather In our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold wor

13、kshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is large and complete, small and entire organization form, but overseas mo

14、stly is small but, is specially small and fine. Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2022 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after n

15、et import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country . (3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the

16、 mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure. (4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low The level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the p

17、assive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds en

18、terprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should h

19、ave, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: . The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding to

20、ol steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement. RSP Tooling Rapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies 2-4.

21、 The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfe

22、r is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the

23、 pattern. Typically, the deposits exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame 5. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and

24、 production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting. An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for prod

25、uction. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made. Experimental Procedure An alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 6) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber ma

26、ster die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about 100?C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diver

27、ging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5. For tensile propert

28、y and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thick heat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a prec

29、autionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700?C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010?C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538?C. Microhardness

30、was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phas

31、e composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 m to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archi

32、medes principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100). A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The codes basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative var

33、iables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also

34、 includes a nonequilibrium solidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions. Results and Discussion Spray forming is a robust rapid toolin

35、g technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master. Particle and Gas Behavior Particle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Fig

36、ure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 m by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 m and 139 m, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)? , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are part

37、icle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1. Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool step sprays. Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), insid

38、e the nozzle and free jet regions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and dec

39、elerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (?150 m) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum. It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming 7.

40、Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (?30 m) and large (?150 m) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b. Spray-Formed Deposits This high heat extraction ra

41、te reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully t

42、ransferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 m Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surfac

43、e finish of about 0.076 m Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about 0.2%. Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions. (a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction. Chemistry The chem

44、istry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection mold

45、ing. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbide

46、s to increase resistance to erosive wear8. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions. Microstructure The size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool st

47、eel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated (austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010?C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or th

48、ree times at 540 to 650?C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness. Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened because after electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and form coarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix 9-11. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventiona