高考英语考点精析复习资料讲义-名词.doc

-! 第一讲 名 词 典型例题 纵观近几年全国、上海、北京等地的高考试题，对名词的考查往往涉及名词作定语(如：He dropped the coffee cup and broke it.)，抽象名词具体化(如： WhataPleasantsurprisehegaveus!)，区分可数名词和不可数名词，根据句意选择适当的名词，某个名词在不同场合下的具体意义和一些名词构成的固定搭配。 一般来说名词主要考查： 1．可数名词复数构成的规则及不规则变化。 2．可数名词和不可数名词的判断与用法——对比。 3．名词的所有格，包括’s所有格，…of…所有格和双重所有格的用法。 4．名词作定语和名词构成的习语及用法等。 5．名词的词义辨析。 应试同分瓶颈 纵观历年来高考对名词的考查，主要体现为一个“活”字。因此要求考生平时加强关于名词基础知识的学习，如：名词的数、名词的所有格、主谓一致及一些有关名词的固定搭配。通过对比、归纳、总结等方法，记忆、理解部分知识，并将名词常考知识点梳理清楚。另外在做题时灵活使用所学的基础知识，把握重点、难点，认真审题，依据具体的语境进行分析判断。 近几年的高考题对名词的考查一般集中在名词的辨析上。所以在学习中要注意名词在特定语境中的正确使用和细微差别，另外还要注意名词和动词的搭配用法。抽象名词的具体化也应该引起重视。surprise不可数表示“惊奇”，可数为“令人惊奇的事情”；shame不可数为“羞愧”，可数为“令人羞愧的事”，除此之外还有：honour，failure，success，pleasure，pity等。 ◎命题点1 名词的数 ◎命题点2 名词的所有格及名词作定语 命题点1 名词的数 本类考题解答锦囊 名词有数的区分。在英语中名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式。有些名词既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，但所表达的意义不同。我们在应试时要考虑以下几点： 1．名词的可数性及其易错点。 一般来说，个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的，而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及小部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的，并不是绝对的。英语中有些名词往往既可以是可数的也可以是不可数的。 A：Would you like a cake?要吃块蛋糕吗? B：NO，I dont like cake.不吃，我不喜欢吃蛋糕。 以上第一句用a cake，这是把cake视为一块一块的“蛋糕”，所以它是可数的；而第二句只用 cake，这是把它当作物质名词看待，所以它成了不可数名词。 抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的，因此它通常是不可数的。但是，有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数)，表示具有某种性质的人或事物：Success成功(不可数)→a success成功的人或事(可数)；pleasure愉快(不可数)→a pleasure令人愉快的人或事 (可数)。 2．可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语。 (1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these，those，few，a few，many，agood(great)many，a great (good)number of等。 (2)修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this，that，little，a little，a bit of ，much，a great deal of， a large amount of等。 Ⅰ高考最新热门题 1.(典型例题The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took__________pictures of them. A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of 命题目的与解题技巧：此题考查表示“许多”的名词修饰语。 【解 析】 many，masses of，a number of，a large amount of 都可以表示“许多的”“大量的”。其中，many，a number of修饰可数名词复数；a large amount of修饰不可数名词；masses of可用于可数、不可数名词前。A项多一个of；C项the number of指“……的数量”，与题意不符；D项不能修饰复数名词pictures. 【答 案】 B 2.(典型例题) If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off_______. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices 答案：C 指导：本句译文为：如果你买10个以上，它们的价格可以便宜20便士，本题测试名词和冠词的用法。 3.(典型例题)--Brad was Janes brother!--_______he reminded me so much of Jane! A. No doubt B. Above all C. No wonder D. Of course 答案：C 指导：选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下句的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。 4.(典型例题)Chinese arts have won the_______of a lot of people outside China. A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation 答案：B 指导：enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。 5.(典型例题) In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the_______in personality. A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict 答案：D 指导：本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict；冲突。句子的意为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。 Ⅱ　　题点经典类型题 1. (典型例题拟My _______of this weekends activity is going out with some good friends. A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought 【解 析】 idea:主意,打算,构思,opinion:观点,mind:头脑,thought:思考,想法。 2.(典型例题)The head office of the bank is in Beijing but it has all over the country. A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses 答案：B 指导：branch这里是分支，分行的意思，“说银行的总部在北京，但是这在全国各地均有分行。”A项“公司”C项“组织”和D项“商业”的不合题意。 3.(典型例题)I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good_______of direction. A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense 答案：D 指导：have sense of"有……的感觉(能力)”。 4.(典型例题拟)Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______. A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind 答案：C 指导：ablity侧重指“能力”；force侧重指“打击力，爆炸力，武力”，strength侧重体力；mind指“脑力，智力”。显然，C项与前面的physical，exelcise最为搭配。 Ⅲ 新高考命题探究 1.--Do you think shes going to leave?_______The had crossed my mind. A. matter B. hope C. desire D. thought 答案：D 指导：据句意应为“这个想法在我脑子里很久”。只有D，thonght为想法，主意，其它意思不对。 2. She is in a poor_______ of health, which worries her mother much. A. position B. situation C. state D. condition 答案： C 指导：据题意in a state为状态，指身体状态。 3. How did you like the_______of the interpreter( 口译员)at the Chinese FM press conference of 6-party talks on TV? A. performance B. achievement C. material D. words 答案：A 指导：据意：你认为口译员的表现如何?只有A项是表现的意思。 4. Mr. Barrette doesnt think that all bad language should be allowed. In his opinion, there are_______that should be kept up. A. degrees B. levels C. limits D. standards 答案： D 指导：根据题意：在他看来，应该有标准。A项是程度，B 项是水平，C项为限制，D为标准。 命题点2 名词的所有格及名词作定语 本类考题解答锦囊 英语名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。名词还可以作另外一个名词的定语。在做此类题时要注意以下几点： 1．所有格的含义 (1)表示所属：Toms car汤姆的小车 (2)表示类别：a womens c0llege女子学院 (3)表示动作的执行者或承受者： The teachers praise老师的表扬 childrens education儿童教育 2．双重所有格 双重所有格构成有(1)名词+of+名词所有格。如：A friend。of my fathers．(2)名词+of+名词性物主代词。如：some friends of mine.它表示部分概念，。of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数词的限定词a，an，one，two，some，several,a few,many,any,no等。如：Some friends of my brother’s will come to ioinus．我哥哥的几个朋友将和我们一起去． 3．名词作定语 一个名词作另外一个名词的定语，如a coffee cup(不能说a coffees cup)，a shoe shop(不可说a shoes shop或a shoes shop)． Ⅰ 高考最新热门题 1.(典型例题) The village is far away from here indeed. Its_______walk. A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours 命题目的与解题技巧:该题考查名词所有格作定语。 【解 析】冠词、数词、量词和连用有两种形式：一种是：a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于“1”，量词要用复数形式。如 a four miles journey: 另一种是：a four-mile .所以答案为D. 【答 案】 D 2.(典型例题季卷) It took us quite a long time to get there, It was______ journey. A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a three-hour D. three hours 答案：C 指导：joumey为可数名词。复合形容词的构成中hour 应为单数形式，所以选C同义词组还有threehours的表示方法。注意这种合成形容词只作主语。 3.(典型例题)The______ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop 答案：B 指导：本题考查名词作定语。本句的意思是“自行车商店在拐弯处”。自行车商店应该是B. 4.(典型例题)The little girl asked her mother to buy her a nice pair of______, so her mother went to some ______stores. A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoe C. shoe; shoes D. shoe;shoe 答案：B 指导：由于受some的影响，容易误选A。本题主要考查名词作定语的用法。名词作定语需用单数形式。如：radio programs电台节目，computer shops电脑店，girl friedns女朋友。 Ⅱ题点经典类型题 1.(典型例题测)If you are not yet______,you are forbidden to visit this site. A. eighteen years B. at age of eighteen C. eighteen-year-old D. eighteen years of age 命题目的与解题技巧:本题考查名词作主语。 【解 析】注意年龄的几种表示:at the age of eighteen, eighteen years old, eighteen years of age, 而 eighteen-year-old 为合成定语形容词。 【答 案】 D 2.(典型例题测)His behavior at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were quite surprised. A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity 答案：B 指导：outofplace未在应该的位置，不适当：out of prac rice(变得)荒疏：outof pity出于同情；outofpoliteness出于礼貌。 3(典型例题评)Peasants earn their living by selling agriculture______in China. A. cost B. food C. products D. production 答案：C 指导：卖农产品． 4.(典型例题中)Is there a ______for rising prices? A. way B. cure C. medicine D. method 答案：B指导：acureforrisingprice克服物价上涨的对策。 5.(典型例题联)Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their______, some people drink alcohol. A. temper B. mood C. pressures D. consciousness 答案：C 指导：人们喝酒是为了排解心中的压力。 Ⅲ 新高考命题探究 1.Its bad for a man to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed. A. behavior B. action C. manner D. movement 答案：A 指导：在公共场所吸烟是不良行为习惯。 C项manner如表礼貌应为manners． 2.The Chinese are looking forward to the first ______to land on the moon after Yang Liweis successful trip to space. A. measure B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 答案：B 指导：据题意：中国人一直盼望第一次登月的尝试。B项为试图，尝试。 3.He had a good ______of the examination result when he saw his daughters face. A. report B. thought C. idea D. news 答案：C 指导：当他看到女儿的脸，他就清楚了考试结果，只有C符合题意。 4.The headmaster has got a good education______ so the school is doing well. A. thought B. thinking C. idea D. sense 答案：D 指导：关于教育的感觉(敏感性)。 探究性命题综合测试 考场热身 1.--What do you thind of the TV play"The Meteor Garden"? --I take no interest in it. One of the reasons in that such a life is out of our______. A. mind B. point C. reach D. sight 答案：C 指导：out ofonesmind意思是：忘记，想不起，精神错乱；out of ones point无此搭配；out of ones reach表示：无法达到的，力所不能及的，无法理解的；out of(ones)sight意为：看不见，在视野之外。 2.--Who did you spend ast weekend with? --______. A. Palmers B. The Palmer C. The Palmers D. The Palmer 答案：C 指导：回答上文的who，所以不用所有格形式。The Palmers是the加姓氏的复数形式，表示该姓氏全家或夫妇俩。 3.lf you dont take away all your things from the desk,there wont be enough ______for my stationery. A. area B. place C. room D. surface 答案：C 指导：room此处是不可数名词“空间”，area区域，place可数名词，地点，surface表面。 4.One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a highrise is that you can get a good A. sight B. scene C. view D. look 答案：C 指导：“住在高楼的顶层的好处之一是能看到好景致。” 5.We all know that______speak louder than words. A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions 答案：D 指导：此句含义“行动胜于雄辩”是俗语，actions行为，movements运动，performances表演，operations操作。 6.Im sorry I hurt your feelings;it wasnt my______. A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention 答案： D 指导：idea想法，主意；thought思想，思考；mind头脑，意思；intention有意，蓄意。根据语境“伤害你的感情不是出于我的本意”，得知答案为D. 7.--Carry your______ with you, your money, jewelry, camera and so on. --OK. Thank you for reminding me. A. valuables B. suitcases C. gifts D. bags 答案：A 指导：valuable作名词时，常用作复数，尤指小但很值钱的东西(如黄金、宝石等贵重物品)。 8.If the boss wants to fire me, he has to give me two months______ A. information B. advice C. message D. notice 答案：D 指导：notice意为“(终止协议等的)预选通知(如离职、停租等)” 命题点2 名词 本类考题解答锦囊 1．分清可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式。 2．熟记可数名词的复数形式及常用的不可数名词。 3．注意可数名词在句中的用法，要么在其前加a、an或the，要么用它的复数形式。 4．不能混淆修饰可数名词的词与修饰不可数名词的词。(只能修饰可数名词的有few，a few，many，unmber of; 只能修饰不可数名词的有little,a little,much,an amount of ,a great deal of；二者都可修饰的有plent of，a lot of，lots of，aquantity of，quantities of，masses of等)． 5．注意固定搭配中单复数形式。 6．并列结构中单、复数应一致。 Ⅰ 高考最新热门题 1.Sometimes we talk to each other very well in class,but atter class we become stranger at once. 命题目的与解题技巧：此题考查名词的基本用法。要求分清名词的单复数。在做涉及名词的考题中，要注意名词的可数性与不可数性，名词的所有格+r生质名词和抽象名词的具体化，名词词义的辨析和习性搭配和名词在句子中所做的成分，特别是作定语的用法。 【答案】 stranger→strangers.该句主语为we，其表语要用复数形式。 2. You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Intemet. 答案：minute→minutes．afew后接复数名词。 3. But when I saw your wife and children waiting for me with warm smile of welcome on their faces. I immediately knew that everything could be all right. 答案：smile→smiles．smile是可数名词，这里要用复数形式。 Ⅱ 题点经典类型题 1.(典型例题)For Americans, distance in a social convensation is about an arms long to front feet. 【答案】 long→length. 根据前面的an arms 可知,所有格之后必须用名词形式。 2. (典型例题考)I am afraid of making hew friend. 答案：friend→friends make friends固定用法，交朋友。 3.(典型例题)Thout may last only a few minutes on even second. 答案：seeoul→sewnds．afew修饰可数名词复数。 Ⅲ 新高考命题探究 1.名词 (1)Papers catches fire easily. 答案：papers改为paper-paper表示“纸”时为不可数名词，无复数形式。 (2) Her new novel is great success. 答案：is后加a或is后加of．asuccess指一个成功的人或一件成的事；of success＝successful． (3) The news is of great important. 答案：important改为importance．of importance＝important． (4) What fine day we have today! 答案：What后加afday是可数名词；可以说What fine weather． What+adj．+可数名词单数；What+adj．+不可数名词／可数名词复数。 (5) I forgot all of the rooms numbers. 答案：rooms改为room．名词作定语。 (6) These children had great funs in the park. 答案：funs改为fun．fun是不可数名词，无复数形式。 (7) In the past,the poors often went hungry. 答案：poors改为poor．poor为形容词，the+形容词，指一类人；the poor指穷人们。 (8) Look! Two Germen are coming this way. 答案：Germen改为Germans．名词复数错误。 (9) Put on more clothing,or youll catch a cold. 答案：clothing改为clothes．clothing指衣服的总称；具体的衣服用clothes． (10)This is the steel work where my father works. 答案：work改为works．works复数形式，表示工厂。 (11) Dont make any voice. Your father is sleeping. 答案：voice改为noise．voice指人的嗓音；noise指噪音。 (12) Its not my book. Maybe its somebody else. 答案：else改为elses．根据句意，应用所有格。 (13)The man has been hunting for a work for a long time. 答案：work改为job．a job，一份工作；work表示工作时是不可数名词。 (14) In our school,there are eighty woman teachers in all. 答案：woman改为women．一般情况下，名词作定语时，用单数形式；但man和woman若修饰复数名词，用复数形式。 (15) The Smith will make a trip to China during the coming spring. 答案：Smith改为Smiths．定冠词加姓氏的复数指一家人。 (16) The patient has stayed in the hospital for one and a half month. 答案：month改为months．one and a half后的名词用复数。 (17) The couple wanted to buy some furnitures for their new house. 答案：furnitures改为furniture．furniture是不可数名词。 (18) The young should make rooms for the old in the crowded bus. 答案：rooms改为r0典型例题m在表示空间、地方的时候是不可数名词。 (19) One of the first thing Bill did was to teach us how to play basketball. 答案：thing改为things．one of后的名词或代词一定是复数形式。 (20) I asked the salesman for some changes. But he bad only a large note. 答案：changes改为change．change表示“零钱”时是不可数名词。 2.名词性从句 (1) I wonder how these shoes cost. 答案：how改为how much．how much多少(钱)。 (2) We all agree with him on that he said. 答案：that改为what．what引导宾语从句，what作said的宾语。 (3) The problem is we are short of money. 答案：is后加that that引导表语从句，that不可省略。 (4) Things are not that they seemed to be. 答案：that改为what．what引导表语从句，在从句中，what作表语。 (5) It worried her a bit for her hair was turning grey. 答案：for改为that．It 在句中作形式主语；that引导主语从句。 (6) She said she will stay here for another week. 答案：will改为would．主句谓语动词用过去时态，其后宾语从句也应相应的过去时态。 (7) The fact he was seriously iii worried them. 答案：fact后加that．that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。 (8) Who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light. 答案：who改为Whoever. whoever不管是谁，引导主语从句。 (9) The reason why we were late was because we missed the bus. 答案：because改为that．reason作主语，其后表语从句用that引导，而不用because． (10) Im not sure how I could have done with it. 答案：how改为what．what引导宾语从句；do．．．with．．．，do为及物动词，what作do的宾语。