高级中学英语语法复习资料时态.doc

.* 第一讲 时态 动词主要用来表示动作、状态和性质，而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和变现方式，这就是英语中动词的时态。 动词常见的十种时态：1 一般现在时：谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数 2. 一般过去时：谓语动词用过去时 3. 一般将来时：谓语动词用 will/shall/be going to+动词原形 4.现在进行时态：谓语用am/is/are+现在分词 5. 将来进行时：谓语用will/shall+be+现在进行时 6. 现在完成时：谓语用have/has+过去分词 7.现在完成进行时：谓语用have/has+been+现在分词 8.过去进行时：谓语用was/were+现在分词 9.过去完成时：谓语用had+过去分词 10.过去将来时：谓语用would+动词原形 或 was/were going to +动词原形 解题思路： 1.时间观念：弄清空所在的句子是谈现在还是谈过去； 2.考查被动语态：高考的很多时态题，往往两个选项是主动语态，两个选项是被动语态，先从主动和被动角度缩小选择范围，再结合时间观念，往往命中率很高。 3.考查现在完成时：空所在的句子是谈现在。 ①强调对现在造成的影响。设题方式：情景对话（第一句往往是对现在造成的影响） ②强调到现在为止动作已经完成。 4.考查过去完成时：表示“过去的过去发生的动作” ①必须找到过去的时间参照点（句中有过去动作）； ②时态的一致性也是解题的重要依据（整句都是过去时态层面）。 5.考查一般过去时：一般过去时只说明过去（陈述过去事实），与现在无关。 ①时态的一致性（整句都是过去时态层面）； ②有明显的过去时间状语。 理论概述： 一．动词的五种基本形式：动词原形，第三人称单数，现在分词， 过去分词，过去式。 Eg work---works---working---worked---worked 动词的五种基本形式变化表 形式 构成 例词 动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式，也就是一般给的形式 be, have, do, learn 第三人称单数形式 1. 在动词原形后加-s 2. 以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的动词，加-es 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i加es 特殊变形：have---has runs, likes passes, does, washes,teaches,fixes Study-studies, try-tries 现在分词 1. 在动词原形后加-ing 2. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e加ing 3. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写末尾辅音字母，再加ing 特殊：以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y,再加ing reading live-living write-writing sit-sitting begin-beginning die-dying lie-lying tie-tying 过去式与过去分词（规则变化） 1. 在动词后加-ed 2. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i加ed 3. 以e结尾的单词，直接加-d 4. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写末尾辅音字母，再加ed 特殊：见不规则动词过去式及过去分词表 worked carry-carried study-studied lived stop-stopped plan-planned 二．动词各种时态的用法 1.一般现在时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+谓语（原形/动词三单）+宾语+… 否定式 主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+… 一般疑问句 Do/Does+主语+动词原形+… 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 (2)用法 1)经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与often, always, usually, sometimes, once a week, every day等表频度的副词或时间状语连用。 We have meals three times a day. He is always ready to help others. Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herself. 2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。 The sun rises in the east. The earth goes around the sun. 3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时态，从句用一般现在时表将来。 （时间状语从句的引导词：when, before, until/till, as soon as, the moment, once. 条件状语从句的引导词：if, unless, even if 让步状语从句的引导词：no matter what/ who/ which/ when等, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever， wherever等。） If it rains tomorrow we won’t go to the park. I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work. Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. When I grow up, I will go to America. 4)在某些以here, there 开头的句子中， 用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here comes a bus.车来了。 2. 一般过去时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+谓语（过去式）+宾语+… 否定式 主语+didn’t+动词原形+… 一般疑问句 Did+主语+动词原形+… 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 (2)用法 1)表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up at six this morning. 2) 表示过去习惯或经常发生的动作。 When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river. I was always late for class when I was a child. 3) 语境中的一般过去时，表示“刚才， 在过去”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样了”。 ---Come in, Peter. I want to show you something. ---Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift. Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. 跟进练习： 1. ---Your baby is too thin. ---It could gain weight, but it _________(not eat) much. 2. It won’t be long before such a thing_______(happen) again. 3. I won’t speak to him unless he __________(apologize) to me. 4. The careless driver has just been fined 10 Yuan for stopping his car at a sign that_______(read) ‘NO PARKING. 5. ---Nancy is not coming tonight. ---But she _______(promise). 3一般将来时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+ will/shall+动词原形 (当主语是we/I时， 助动词用shall) 否定式 主语+won’t/shall not+动词原形 一般疑问句 Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+… 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 (2)用法 1) 现在看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物固有的属性或必然趋势. 常与表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday, in +一段时间， in 2020等。 Will you be back in two days? Fish will die without water. What shall I look like in 2050? 2) be going to +动词原形 多用在口语中， 表示 计划，打算要做某事。 也表示根据某种迹象表明要发生的事情 He is going to speak on TV this evening. Look at the clouds. It is gong to rain. 3) be about to +动词原形 表示 立即的将来。不与具体的时间状语连用， 但可与以when 引导的状语从句连用。 The train is about to start.火车就要开了。 I was about to leave when the phone rang.我刚要离开时，电话响了。 4）动词 如come, go , stay, arrive, leave, begin, start等，其一般现在时、现在进行时可表按计划、安排将来要发生的动作或状态。 I arrive in Beijing at 3：00 p.m. He is coming tomorrow. 5）be to+动词原形 表示按计划或安排要做的事,或命中注定。 When are you leave for home ?你什么时候回家？ The Queen is to visit Japan in a week’s time.女王将于一周后访问日本。 注意：was/were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划 were to do.用于if或even if/though从句中， 表示对未来的假设。 be to blame(该受责备，对某件坏事应负责任)， be to let（待出租）， 用不定式的主动表被动。 We were to have told you, but you were not in. 我们本来想告诉你，但是你不在家。 If I were to tell you that I admired him, would you believe me? 要是我告诉你我羡慕他，你会相信吗？ Which driver is to blame for the accident?这次事故是哪个司机的责任？ The house is to let.这座房子要出租。 6）一般现在时表将来 表示按规定或时间表预计将发生的动作。 在状语从句中表将来。 We’re going to Changchun. Our plane takes off at 8:10. 跟进练习： 1. ---We just saw John at the bookstore. ---That’s strange. I didn’t think that he _______ back until tomorrow. A. will come B.was to come C.is coming D.is to come 2. If the sun _____ tomorrow, what would we do? A. were not to raise B.does not rise C.would not rise D. were not to rise 3. Look at these clouds. ____________. A. It’s going to rain. B.It’s raining. C. It’s to rain D.It can rain. 4.进行时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+be(am/is/are)+现在分词+其他 (过去进行时，be用was/were) 否定式 主语+be+not+现在分词+其他… 一般疑问句 Be+主语+现在分词+其他 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 （2）用法 1）一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，唱动作用进行时，短动作用一般 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. 那位记者说，当他看到那个不明飞行物时，它正在自东向西飞行。 2） 表动作的未完成性、暂时性。 ---Have you moved into the new house? ---Not yet. The rooms are being painted.(未完成性) Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 3) 计划，安排要做某事 4）表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。 I first met Lily 3 years ago. She was working at a clothes shop at the time. 5) 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly连用。 He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先想到他人。 He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。 跟进练习： 1. You_____ always______(watch) TV. Why not do something more active? 2. ---Watch! ---I ________(watch) but I _______(see) anything unusual. 3. Listen! The couple ____________(quarrel) in the room. 5. 现在完成时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 否定式 主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他… 一般疑问句 Have/has+主语+过去+其他 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 （2）用法 1）表示过去发生的或已经完成的莫一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 (already, yet, just刚刚，never，before) ---Have you had your lunch yet? ---Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now). I have already watched the TV play. 2) 表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下。 （for, since, lately, recently, in the past/ last few days, since then, up to now, so far） for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three years Since +过去的某一时刻, since nine since last week since then Since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since you came ; since you got home. up to now, till now, far, by far, 到目前为止 recently, lately 最近 in the past/ last +一段时间 In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. He has been busy writing a book recently. He has written 8 books so far. 3) This/It is the first/ second time+that从句。 从句谓语用现在完成时。 This is the first time (that) I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。 4）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作。 I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 5). 延续性与非延续性动词的用法 瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语。与一段时间连用时，谓语动词应用延续性动词。 (for+一段时间， since+时间点) 常见的瞬间动词与延续性动词的转换 瞬间动词 延续性动词 瞬间动词 延续性动词 瞬间动词 延续性动词 buy have marry be married arrive/reach be borrow keep catch a cold have a cold open be open put on wear close be closed get up be up Begin/start be on wake up be awake come be here fall asleep be asleep go be there lose not have finish be over join be in die be dead leave be away 非延续性动词与一段时间连用才用以下三种方式处理： a. 将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词 b. 将时间按状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时 c. 用句型 it is/has been+一段时间+since从句（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式）表示 It is two years since the old man died. 跟进练习：单句改错及句型转换 1. He has come to Beijing since last year. 2. He has joined the army for 3 years. 3. He has been a soldier two years ago. 4. He left his office 3 hours ago.→He____________ from his office for 3 hours. It_____________ 3 hours since he left his office. 5. He has been dead for 4 years.→He___________ ago. It is ________________ he died. 6 过去完成时 （1）结构 陈述句 主语+had +过去分词+其他 否定式 主语+had +not+过去分词+其他… 一般疑问句 Had +主语+过去+其他 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 （2）用法 1）表示到过去某个时间已完成的动作或状态。即 过去的过去 常用的时间状语有：by then, by that time, by the end of last year, before 2000, by the time+句子，until等。 By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时，他已经学了3年英语了。 Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。 3）Hardly/ Scarcely/ Rarely had…done…when…; No sooner had…done…than; When和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装。 表示 “刚刚……就…..” Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚一到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 Hardly had I started when the car got a flat tire. 4)It was/had been +一段时间+since从句。Since从句的谓语用过去完成时。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们10年没有这么高兴了。 5）That/It/This was the first/ second/third time +that 从句。That从句的谓语用过 去完成时。 It was the third time that I had passed the exam.那是我第三次考试及格。 6）表示冤枉、打算一类的词,hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose等， 其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.(未能如愿) I had thought you would come tomorrow. 补充：将来完成进行 表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常与 by+将来的某时间 连用 By this time of next year, you will have become a college student. 6 完成进行时 （1）意义 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行或感情色彩。 （2）结构 陈述句 主语+have/has+been+现在分词 否定式 主语+have/has+not+been+现在分词 一般疑问句 have/has+主语+been+现在分词 特殊疑问句 疑问词+一般疑问句 He has been learning English for 6 years.(强调到现在还在学) It has been raining for 3 days.（强调抱怨的感情色彩） 跟进练习： 1. Helen_________(leave) her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ________(come) home. 2. I _________(hope) to meet Mr. Thomson this morning, but I found nobody left in the room. 3. We plan to reach the North Pole in the mid-July, and by then we ________(walk_) for six weeks. 4. By the time you arrive in New York, you will____________(away) for two weeks. 5.--- Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday? ---No, but we__________(try) to get in touch with them ever since. 连接高考一： 1. After Jack had sent some e-mails, he ______working on his project. (2012山东) A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts 2. The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _____. (2012山东) A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving 3. When I got on the bus, I _________ I had left my wallet at home. (2011山东) A. was realizingB. realizedC. have realizedD. would realize 4. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _________ everything! (2011山东) A. had been eatingB. had eatenC. have eatenD. have been eating 5. Up to now, the program ______thousands of children who would otherwise have died. (2010山东) A. would save B. saves C. had saved D. has saved 6. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ______ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been Ks5u （2009山东） 7. I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it ______. （2009山东） A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened Ks5u 8. By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked 9. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. (2012安徽) A. keeps B. keep C. have kept D. had kept 10. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______.We must act immediately before there’s none left. A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out (2012重庆) 11. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he ______. A. wouldn’t B. didn’t C. hasn’t D. hadn’t 12. —Have you heard about that fire in the market? — Yes, fortunately no one _____. (2012北京) A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt 13. Our friendship _____ quickly over the weeks that followed. (2012北京) A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed 14. —Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon? —I’m sorry, but by then I _____ to Beijing. How about five? (2012陕西) A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying 15. Close the door of fear behind you, and you ______ the door of faith open before you. A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing 16. —Look! Somebody ______ the sofa. —Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. (2012江西) A. is cleaning