Unit-3-Cultural-Diversity.ppt

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1、 2 Sayings Relating to Cultural Diversity Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. -Confucian saying 性相近，习相远。 God gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life.They all dipped in the water, but their cups were

2、 different. -R. Benedict 上帝给了每个人一个杯子，一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生、他们都是浸在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已。Joke Appreciation for Cultural Diversity A young ladys miniskirt was accidentally torn open by a young man, please decide where they come from according to their responses to this incident.A:Before the man said sorry,

3、the woman bowed down and said in a tender voice,Sorry, it is all my fault. It is all the bad quality of my skirt. Im sorry for the trouble I have brought to you. ContinuedB: Before the man said sorry, the woman gave him a name-card and said, This is my lawyers phone number. He will talk with you abo

4、ut your sexual harassment. See you in the court.C:Before the man said sorry, the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspaper in hand and shyly said, Sir, can you send me home? It is not very far from here. Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home.

5、ContinuedD: Before the man said sorry, the woman gurgled and put her hand on the mans shoulder, saying Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology. Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.E: Before the man said sorry,

6、 the woman flew into a rage and gave the man a box on the face, saying ni ge shao, xiang qi lao niang doufu, laozi da si ni. Then she took out a mobile phone and dialed number and a gang of people came. The whole thing developed into a riot.The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to

7、 the gilr. But the beautiful girl smiled and said,Dont worry, sir. I am a man, too. Continued another, and they do not like to put themselves in others debt, especially for those matters where Mr. Zhao asked Mr. Qian to help. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends. But most of the ti

8、me, things for which they will lend a helping hand to their friends are trivial, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangements for transportation fail. Warm Up To many Chinese, Mr. Qian and Mr. Zhao are really good friends, for they have helped each other from time

9、to time. Since Mr. Zhao lent Mr. Qian a large sum of money to help his business get over the difficulity, Mr. Qian was greatly indebted to Mr. Zhao. In Chinese culture, friendship means a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed. However, many Americans, like Jackson, would sa

10、y that Mr. Zhao was asking too much, for what they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one Continued another, and they do not like to put themselves in others debt, especially for those matters where Mr. Zhao asked Mr. Qian to help. Of course, America

11、ns are willinging to help their friends. But most of the time, things for which they will lend a helping hand to their friends are trivial, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangements for transportation fail. a Famous Couplet in Chinese上钩为老，下钩为考，老考童生，童生考到老。一人是大，二人

12、是天，天大人情，人情大过天。 Typical Chinese Concept of friendship It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to German friendship to some extent and quite different from other western friendships. English

13、Proverbs on FriendshipA friend is easier lost than found. A friend is never known till a man has need.A friend without faults will never be found. Between friends all is common.。Friends agree best at distance.Friends are thieves of time.Friends must part.He is a good friend that speaks well of us be

14、hind our backs.A faithful friend is the medicine of life.What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies.A life without a friend is a life without a sun.Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.A friend in need is a friend indeed.A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a f

15、riend is both.Tips given to westerners who want to make friends with Chinese people1. be willing to spend time with those people whom you would like to make friends with;2. try to know about your friends as much as possible. Remember their names, their likes and dislikes, ask questions (though some

16、may be rather personal)about them, and be interested in things that are typically Chinese;3. try your best to start talking with people, even though they may appear unwilling to talk with strangers,and be a good listener as much as you can when they are talking with you;4. be ready to lend a hand to

17、 others without being asked to, even in what seems to be very trivial matters. Sayings from the Analects子曰：“益者三友，损者三友。友直，友谅，友多闻，益矣；友便辟，友善柔，友便佞，损矣。”季氏子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁。”学而 Family Structure nuclear family DINK family extended family single-parent family In Confucius and Mencius time, a classical works that

18、 illustrates Confucianists filial piety appeared, which is later called Xiao Ching(孝经）(Book of Filial Piety) Latino, Hellenic, Hindu, Nipponese, Hispanic, Filipino Continued 2012年菲佣（Filipino maids)寄回国内的钱占该国GDP10%以上（约200多亿美元） track record-social mobility vs stratification Legacy preferences or legacy

19、 admission is a type of preference given by an institution or organization to certain applicants on the basis of their familial relationship to alumni of that institution. (Students so admitted are referred to as legacies or legacy students.) This particularly refers to university and college admiss

20、ion, and this preference is most common in admission to American universities and colleges and emerged after World War I, primarily in response to the resulting immigrant influx. The Ivy League institutions are estimated to admit 10% to 30% of each entering class using this factor. Questions for Dis

21、cussion As we all know, many cultural differences exist in family structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, the individual, not the family, is primary. Many Chinese families are still quite traditional. T

22、hey are often extended families, with 3 0r even 4 generations living under the same roof. In such families, people may care a lot about their familys welfare, reputation and honor. No matter what they do, they tend to put the interest of the whole family at the top priority. For them, the family as

23、a whole always comes first, and its individual members are second. Continued However, there are also many Chinese families now in which individual needs are given more stress than ever before and the relationship between parents and children are more egalitarian than hierarchical. Therefore, communi

24、cation between people from different family backgrounds may be intercultural to some extent. What one considers as appropriate may be regarded as improper by the other, and sometimes it would be very difficult for them to understand each other in the way they wish to be understood Culture Patterns K

25、luckhohns and Strodtbecks Value Orientation Human nature orientation Man-nature orientation Time orientation Activity orientation Social orientation Chinese Values vs Western Values Continued Hofstedes Dimensions of Cultural Variability individualism vs collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance Power Dista

26、nce Masculinity vs Femininity individualism vs collectivism I consciousness independence competition negative face need we consciousness interdependence group harmony positive face need 积极面子 VS 消极面子 “积极面子”是指希望得到别人的赞同、喜爱、欣赏和尊敬； “消极面子”是指不希望别人强加于自己，自己的行为不受别人阻碍，有自己选择行动的自由。 以请客人到家里吃饭为例： 客人会说，“真好吃”-照顾主人“积

27、极面子”； 对要好的朋友，主人常会说，“你自己随便啊！”-给客人自己选择的空间，照顾客人不被干涉的“消极面子”。 Uncertainty Avoidance it involves the extent to which a culture would avoid or tolerate uncertainty. High Uncertainty Avoidance cultures think of the uncertainty inherent in life as a continuous hazard that must be avoided.(a higher level of a

28、nxiety and stress) Low Uncertainty Avoidance cultures more easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not as threatened by people and ideas, so they tolerate the unusual.(less tense, more relaxed) 不确定性规避不确定性规避 不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知，虽然可能每个人都在预测未来，但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。 高度不确定性规

29、避文化为了避免不确定性和模糊性，常常向其成员提供稳定性，制定正式的规则，不容忍偏离观点和行动，寻求共识，并相信绝对真理，他们感到的焦虑和压力较高； 低度不确定性规避比较容易接受生活中的不确定性，不为偏离的人或主张所困扰，因此他们对不寻常性的容忍度较强。他们喜欢上进，不喜欢等级关系，他们乐于冒险，灵活性强，认为规则越少越好，他们对专家的依赖性不强，而更多地相信自己，整体而言，低度不确定性规避文化心态较为放松。 Power Distance High PD Culture1:people who hold power and people who are affected by power are

30、 significantly far apart.2:vertical, hierarchical (everybody has rightful place) Low PD Culture1:The power holders and people affected by the power holders are significantly closer.2:horizontal (inequality in society should be minimized) Masculinity vs Femininity cultures high in the masculinity dim

31、ension focus on achievement, power, and possessions, regarding work as more central to ones life, differing gender roles more than feminine culture.(performance society) cultures high in the femininity dimension value interpersonal relationships, nurturance, compassion and quality of life.(welfare s

32、ociety) Edward T. Halls Model Human communication is dependent on the context in which it occurs. Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological and psychological environments. High-context culture vs Low-context culture Continued Edward T Halls Context-culture Theory High-Context Low-con

33、text High-context Culture In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background , title, and affiliation.) Examples of high-

34、context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc. Low-context Culture In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. The examples of low-context cultures include English, North Aerican, German, etc. Group WorkA proverb is a short well-known

35、 saying in general use, held to embody a universal truth about life. So proverbs may function as a mirror to reflect the culture in which they are used.strike while the iron is hot.He who hesitates is lost.Actions speak louder than words.(stress on action) God help those who help themselves.The sque

36、aky wheel gets the grease.(value individualism)A mans home is his castle.(privacy) ContinuedOne does not make the wind but is blown by it.Order is half of life.When spider webs unite they can tie up a lion.Go the way that many people go; if you go alone you willhave reason to lament.The nail that st

37、icks up gets pounded. .(have a strong sense of collectivism)Even if the bridge be made of stone, make sure it is safe. .(people in Korea seem to be more cautious)He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own. .(people should mind their own business) Continued We start as fools and become wise t

38、hrough experience. .(people focus on self-development)Nothing done with intelligence is done without speech. .(tend to value the importance of speech rather than action) The mouth of the elder is more powerful than a charm.Consider the past and you will know the present. .(people in these two countr

39、ies tend to be past-oriented) Translation 虽然我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一种文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍价值观。这些被称作文化价值观。文化价值观通常是规范性的，因为它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么会导致群体团结。文化价值观也指明了什么行为是举足轻重的，什么行为是应当尽力避免的。价值观是一种习得的规则体系，人们在作出抉择和解决争端时常

40、以此为依据。跨文化交际参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观会衍生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们 Continued 决定他们的行为方式，根据他们的价值系统行事并期待对方的反应。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 Case Study9: Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, co

41、mmunity, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements. In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company;however, when encountered with his grandfathers dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him

42、. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of Continued of the family and the the former leader of the company, the grandfather ob

43、viously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positio

44、ns are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. Thats why the young chairman didnt say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom

45、matters much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other people. Case 10 In Japan, a company i

46、s very much like a big family, in which the managers will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the

47、 employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely-knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, w

48、hich may not often involve females and the right to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrands decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded. Case 11 Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differe

49、nces in so-called polite behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior. People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of such norms has taken place. However, there may be differing op

50、inions as to when we should apologize(what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, westerners may seem to be ru