初级中学时态的学习总结(简单版).doc

\ 初中阶段，要求学生掌握动词6种时态的基本结构(一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，和一般将来时态)及它们的主要用法和区别。 1、一般现在时： l 用法: 1)现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作。例如： I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week. 2)现在的状态。例如： My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school. 3）客观真理。例如： The earth goes around the sun. 4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语： often ，usually ，sometimes ，always ，every day ，never ，in the morning 等连用时。 l 构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，动词第三人称单数的变法如下： 一般情况 ＋s 以s, x, ch, sh,o结尾 ＋es 以辅音＋y结尾 变y为i＋es 主语为第三人称和名词单数时： 肯定式:S+V/动词的第三人称单数 否定式:S+ dont/doesnt +V+其他 疑问式:Do/Does+S+V+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,S+do/does (否)No,S+do/does not 注意：have的第三人称单数为has 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? l 当主语是第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数时： 肯定式: S + be + 否定式: S+ be +not + 疑问式: Am /Is /Are + S+ ? 简略回答: (肯) Yes,S + be. (否) No,S + be. 2. 现在进行时 l 用法： 1）说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如： She is having a bath now. 2）现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如： You are working hard today. Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian. The population of the world is growing very fast. 3）频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如： He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬) 4）表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如： The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.. 5) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now ,look,listen等。 l 构成： be+ v-ing v-ing现在分词的构成： 一般情况 cook-cooking 以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing make-making, taste-tasting 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. run-running, stop-stopping, 2)肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 肯定句 ： S+be +V-ing 否定句：S+be+not + V-ing 一般疑问句：Is(Are)+S+V-ing？ 特殊疑问：wh_+ be + S + V-ing? e.g. 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am driving. He/She/It is working. We/You/They are doing something. I am not driving. He/She/It is not working. We/You/They are not doing anything. Are you driving? Is he/she/it working? Are you/they doing something? 3．一般将来时 l 用法： 1．将要发生的动作。例如： I will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 2．将要存在的状态。例如： This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be? 3．打算要做的事。 例如： Are you going to watch the film on television tonight? 3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语： tomorrow next week in 2008 等。 l 构成： 1. 助动词will(shall)+v 2. be +going to +v 4．一般过去时 l 用法： 1． 过去发生的动作。例如： The police stopped me on my way home last night. 2． 过去存在的状态。例如： They werent able to come because they were so busy. 3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语： yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，等。 l 构成： S+V-ed 用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下： 一般情况 +ed 以e字母结尾的辅音 +d 以辅音字母＋y结尾 去y变i＋ed 重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed 2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）： 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student. I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student? Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? 5、过去进行时 l 概念： 1)过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如： This time last year I was living in Brazil. What were you doing at 10 oclock last night? 2)常用于过去进行时的时间状语： at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。 l 构成： was / were +v-ing 1）Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy 2）They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine. A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going 6、现在完成时 l 概念： 1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如: She has never read this novel. 2)表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago. 注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如： He has died for 3 years.(F) He has been dead for 3 years.(T) 注：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等 ②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了） have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了） 如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在) Where has she been?(句中作指的人在) l 构成： have / has + v-ing 2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）： 肯定句：S+ have（has）+V-ed 否定句：S+ have（has）+not(haven’t,hasn’t)+V-ed 一般疑问句：Have(Has)+ S+V-ed+？ 特殊疑问句：wh_+have(has)+ S+V-ed+？ 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film. I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film? 7、过去完成时态 l 用法： 1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如： She said she had seen the film 4 times. When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading. By the time they arrived, the bus had left. 2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago. l 构成： 肯定式：had + V_ed 否定式：hadn’t + V_ed 疑问式：Had … + V_ed 简略回答: Yes, S + have/has had. No, S + had 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常見的转换形式： 1、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用別的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 2、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 3、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave,start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语連用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. 名称 用法 动词形式(以do为例) 常 用 时 间 状 语 例句 一 般 现 在 时 1.现在的状态 2.经常性或习惯性的动作 3.主语具备的性格或能力 I/We/You/They do... He/She/It does... in the morning/afternoon/ morning every day/morning/Sunday on Sunay alwaysusuallyoften sometimes 1.She is twelve. 2.I get up at 6:30 every day. 3.She likes swimming. 一 般 过 去 时 1.过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态 2.过去经常或反复发生的动作 I/We did... You did... He/She/It did... They did... yesterday(morning/afternoon) last night/Sundayin 1990 two days agoalways usually often sometimes 1.I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 2.He always went to work by bus last year. 一 般 将 来 时 1.将来某时间要发生的动或存在的状态 2.将来经常或反复发生的 动作 I shall do... Im going to do... We/You/They/He/She/ It will do... We/You/They are going to do... He/She/It is going to do... tomorrow (morning/afternoon/ evening) next year/month/week 1.I will go to my home town next week. 2.Ill come to see you every Sunday. 3.Im going to swim tomorrow afternoon. 现 在 进 行 时 现在或当前一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作 Im doing... He/She/It is doing... We/You/They are doing ... now 1.She is watering the flowers. 2.Are they working now? 3.They are listening to the teacher. 过 去 进 行 时 过去某一时刻或某一段正在进行的动作 I/He/She/It was doing ... We/You/They were doing .... this time yesterday at ten oclock yesterday at that time when he came back 1.We were reading in class this time yesterday 2.I was drawing a picture when the teacher came in. 现 在 完 成 时 1.过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 2.表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态 He/She/It has done... We/You/They have done ... alreadyjustbeforenever for three years since 1990 this morning these days 1.Ive already posted the letter. 2.We have known each other for ten years. 3.They lived here since 1997. 4.Have you ever been to Beijing? 过 去 完 成 时 过去某一时间前已经发后的动作或状态 I/We/You/He/She/It had done……. by the end of… when+一般过去时 before+一般过去时 1.I had learned 2000 words by the end of lastterm. 2.When I got out,the bus had already left. 现 在 完 成 进 行 时 现在以前的一段时间里一直进行的动作,这个运作可能仍在进行,也可能继续进行下去 I/We/You/They have been doing…. He/She/It has been doing…. since nine o’clock for five hours 1.I have been skating for five hours. 2.She has been skating since nine o’clock.. 规则动词的变化： 一般动词 +ed planted,watered,climbed 以不发音的e结尾 +d liked 辅音字母加y结尾 -y+ ied study—studied, cry- cried 重读闭音节单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写最后一个字母+ed stop –stopped plan - planned 不规则动词的变化： 原形 过去式 原形 过去式 原形 过去式 原形 过去式 sweep swept teach taught have had go went keep kept think thought do did find found sleep slept buy bought eat ate say said feel felt drink drank is/am was take took read read give gave are were mean meant put put sing sang drive drove meet met cut cut begin began speak spoke make made let let ring rang write wrote see saw fly flew run ran ride rode come came draw drew sit sat hear heard tell told grow grew learn learned/ learnt get got know knew