英语语法基本句子成分和结构.docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结一、英语句子成分第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要成分 和次要成分 ，主要成分有 主语和谓语，次要成分有 表语、宾语、定语 、状语 、补足语 、同位语 和插入语 。1. 主语：主语是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构 、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时） 和倒装句中 ，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词

2、、不定式、动名词 、名词化的形容词 和主语从句 等表示。例如：Tom is a good boy.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the studentsin this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （ 不 定 式 ） Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化形容词）When we are going to have an

3、English teshtas not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessaryto master a foreign languag.e（it 为形式主语 ，不定式为 真实主语 ）2. 谓语： 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特点和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：(1) 简洁谓语 ：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practices runningevery morning.(2) 复合谓语：由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。例如： You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caug

4、hta bad cold.We are having a quick breakfast.3. 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特点和状态，它一般位于系动词 （如 be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, tast等e ）之后。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语（ 系表结构 ）。表语一般由 名词、代词、形容词 、分词、数词、不定式 、动名词、介词短语 、副词及从句充当。例如：My mother is a doctor.（名词）Is it yours.（代词）The weather ha

5、s turnedcold.（形容词） The speech isexciting.（现在分词） The door is closed.（过去分词）Three times seven istwenty one.（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine must beout of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class isover.（副词）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The truth is that he has ne

6、ver been abroa.d（表语从句）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结4. 宾语： 宾语表示动作的 对象 或承担者 ，一般位于 及物动词 和介词后面。例如：They went to seean exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain preventedme from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have. I havethree.（数词）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第

7、1 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretendednot to see me.（不定式）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词）I think that he is fit for this job.（宾语从句）宾语种类：(1) 双宾语 （间接宾语 +直接宾语），例如：Lend me y

8、our dictionary, please. =Lendyour dictionary to me, please.间宾直宾直宾间宾 可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, d等o 。(2) 复合宾语（宾语 +宾语补足语），例如：They electedhim their monitor.宾语 宾语补足语5. 宾语补足语 ：用以补充说明宾语，并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，仍要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语

9、的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make, let, see, find, name 等） 或介词（如 with ）+宾语+宾补。宾语补足语可由 名词、形容词 、副词、不定式 、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boatwhite.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）I ask him to go homenow.（不定式）We saw herentering the room.（现在分词）He found the door locked.（过去分词）We fou

10、nd everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developingcountry.（现在分词）America is a developedcountry.（过去分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）His maths is

11、 very good.（形容词性物主代词）I am the last personto leave the classroom.（不定式）The teachingplan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an articleabout how to learn German.（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 ，说明动作或状态特点的句子成分， 叫做状语。可由以下形式充当：Light travels most quickly.（副词性词组）He has lived in the city for te

12、n years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinat.ion（不定式）He is in the room making a model plane.（现在分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下 ：How about meeting againat six.（时间状语）Last night he didn t go to the dancbeepcaarutyse of the rain.（缘

13、由状语）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -I shall go thereif it doesn t. ra（in条件状语从句）Mr. Smith lived on the third floor.（的点状语）She put the eggs into the baskewt ith great care.（方式状语）She came inw

14、ith a book in her hand.（相伴状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tiredthat he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语从句） She works very hardthough she is old.（让步状语从句）I am taller than he is.（比较状语从句）8. 同位语 ：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词 或代词 ，对前者加以说明或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语， 对前面的名词或代词做进一步的说

15、明， 说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。例如：Yangtze River,the longest river in China, flows through the center of the city.（名词）We all are students.（代词）The fact that the transport of goods costs too mucwhas not discussed.（同位语从句）Passive smoking,the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco b

16、etween puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoke, rcan also cause a health risk.（动名词）9. 插入语： 插入语是对句子的 额外补充说明 ，是句子主体内容之外的成分，用逗号 或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。虽然处于句子内部，但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。假如将插入语去掉，就基本句在结构上仍旧是完整的。从语义上看，插入语的作用仅仅在于说明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、依据或评判。 插入语可以是 副词、动词短语 、介词短语 、动词不定式短语 ，也可以是 各类从句 。例如：The box is a

17、 little bit heavy. I can manage it,though.（副词）The long-buried past,it seems, offers hope for the future.（动词短语）China and India, for example, are friendly neighbours.（介词短语）It is said that the bloodpoison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.（动词不定式短语）Jack, as far as I know, is not

18、as honest as we expected. （从句）二、英语句子结构1. 基本句型(1) 主-系-表People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones. Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.(2) 主-谓Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.This attitude altered with the realization that marginal co

19、mmunities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.(3) 主-谓-宾Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 -

20、 - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots.(4) 主-谓-宾-宾By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team.In return, well send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of hig

21、h-quality items.(5) 主-谓-宾-补The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks. Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.2. 存在句型（ there be句型）There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation.There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental e

22、vidence provides strong backing for Greenbesrg view.注：There 之后除了使用系动词之外， 也可以使用 come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to 等be表示状态或发生的动词。Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story.In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged a

23、n awarenessin Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.3. 比较句型（形容词或副词的比较级+ than）More food is now produced per head of the worlds population than at any time in history.It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organizatio

24、n than a declining one.The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be.注：(1) 可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词much, even, still, yet, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, five times, 20%, a little, a bit, rather(2) “最”的其他表达法a. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念Julia is tal

25、ler than any othergirl in her class. Julia is taller than the othergirls in her class.Julia is taller than the rest otfhe girls in her class.b. 其他结构I have neverheard abettervoice than yours.(3) 倍数的表达A是 B 的三倍大。（A 比 B 大两倍。）A is 3 times bigger than B. A is 3 times as big as B.A is 3 times the size of B

26、.A is bigger than B by 3 times.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -4. 强调句型(1) It iswho/thatIt is this management mechanismthat has allowed the company to prosper.It was the lack of repair wor

27、k which was directly responsible for the explosion.It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans,who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention. （剑 4，G，TA，R）(2) 对 notuntil 句型中的时间状语加以强调时，not 也同时提前，跟在until 前It wasnt until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty

28、 was proposed.(3) do/does/did + 动词原形这种强调句型 只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对确定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。 do 在句中要重读。Do be careful next time.She did tell me about her address, but I forget all about it.ExerciseI. 确定句子成分并翻译句子1. Fish features very largely in the diet of these islanders.2. In fact, a basic amount of movement

29、 occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.3. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.4. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even m

30、ore unfavorable in the future.5. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace.6. The teams victory consolidated its chance for winning the championship.7. His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai.8. In order to deal with all calls effectively, w

31、e offer you a number of options.9. We will hold you responsible for all the consequences.10. They placed their children in the custody of their neighbour.II. 汉译英1. 互联网是当今世界全部学问和信息的关键。2. 近年来，政府对报纸的掌握已经放松了。loosen可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料

32、- - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -3. 全部这些因素或许可以证明庞大的收入是合理。justify4. 高校授予我奖学金。5. 我们发觉他很适合做这项工作。6. 区域外的必需品进入当的市场变得更加简洁。7. 他的薪水每年增加100 美金。8. 有争议的主要问题涉及到将来条约的期限。9. 潮湿的空气给他的试验造成了肯定的困难。10. 他所受到的培训使他有资格做一名中文老师。III 使用强调句型（ it isthat/who）对划线的部分加以强调1. The divorced women will most often ha

33、ve to look after the children.2. He discovered Uranus during the latter part of this.3. The first mobile phone was not made until the following year.4. Because of this fast-flowing water, this site was a natural place for manufacturing works.IV . 确定句子主干1. A great many processes depending on such res

34、earch are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.2. Between midnight and dawn, where sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of future world in which there are billions of people, all numberedand registered

35、, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, not a rich personality, onthe whole packed glob.3. In order to analyze the levels of participation in education and science, three factors could be considered, including the average years of schooling, the number of scientists and technici

36、ans per 1000 people, and the total amount of spending on research and development.4. However much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, our understanding of how genes con

37、trol morphogenesis is still far from complete.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -5. Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bil

38、ls of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved.6. The question of whether to divert themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nations 116 private Black colleges becau

39、se their economic bases are often more fragile than those of most predominant White colleges.7. When more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employees feeling of responsibility to see that the work got done increased.8. Although these molecules allow radiation at visi

40、ble wave lengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission radiated from the earths surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.9. Well established among segments of the middle and up

41、per classes by the mid-19s8,0this view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulation and compulsory education laws, and predicted on theassumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载