2022年英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习 .pdf

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1、优秀资料欢迎下载！英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么， 是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用， 一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代

2、，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语修饰动词， 形容词， 副词， 表示动作发生的时间，地点， 原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词She came . 主语 及物动词宾语She likes English.

3、 主语 系动词主语补语She is happy主语 动词间接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me. 主语 动词宾语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage. 主谓宾名代动词名代we- saw -you. we- did -the work. 主系表名代系动词形容次名词代词you are beautiful you seems worried. you are a stufent. 相同点都三部分，主语也一样不同动词和系动词，时态一样

4、，否定式不同动词加助动词，系动词不用表语可以是形容词，宾语不行只有宾语有补足语2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页优秀资料欢迎下载！1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是 “ 谁” 或者 “ 什么 ” 。通常用名词或代词担任。如： Im Miss Green. (我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答 “ 做(什么 ) ” 。主要由动词担任。如： Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天

5、打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是 “ 什么 ” 或者 “ 怎么样 ” 。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如： My name is Ping ping . (我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是 “ 什么 ” 。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word. (他能拼这个词 ) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物 ,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如： He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语

6、,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city . (上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。He works hard . (他工作努力 ) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。They usually keep their classroom clean. (他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常

7、帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself .(老师要我自学法语) 8、同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如： Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 主语（ subject） ：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. ( 数词 ) Seeing is believing. （动名词）To s

8、ee is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother l

9、ast year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 谓语（ predicate） ：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第

10、 2 页，共 6 页优秀资料欢迎下载！ The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon 3. 表语（ predicative） ：系动词

11、之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词）You don t look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall. (介词短语 ) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）常见连系动词1.“ 存在 ” 类 :表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“

12、存在 ” 。常见的有 :be(是 ),look( 看起来 ),feel( 摸上去 ),seem(似乎是 ),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell( 闻起来 ),taste(尝起来 ),sound(听起来 )等。2.例如 : The story sounds true. 3.Those oranges taste good star. 2. “ 持续 ” 类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“ 持续 ” 。常见的有 :remain(依然),keep(保持 ),stay(保持 ),continue( 继续、仍旧 ),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如 : Wh

13、y dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter? 3. “变化 ” 类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“ 变化” 后的情况或状态.常见的有 :become(变成 ), turn( 变成 ), grow( 变得 ), get(变得 )等。例如 : Put the fish in the fridge, or it w

14、ill go bad in hot weather. (三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. tired worried yellow interested first 4. 宾语： 1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词

15、之后。如：I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页优秀资料欢迎下载！Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词- 介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under t

16、he snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语 - 间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Som

17、e of the students in the school want to go swimming. his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming 5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didn t come here. （名词）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词) Please make yourself a

18、t home. （介词短语）Don t let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Don t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）扩展：主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a l

19、esson. (五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just

20、now? to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom

21、. Did he leave any message for me? 6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页优秀资料欢迎下载！Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old frie

22、nd.( 副词 ) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. ( 介词 ) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）(六) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.

23、 What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. family given third some downstairs 7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The me

24、eting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he

25、can do it well. (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. on the face Every night when he was elev

26、en fast With the medicine box under her arm 八、同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师 布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 足球 -他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of

27、my brothers. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页优秀资料欢迎下载！昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。That s her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯. Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea. 你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。Yo

28、u still haven t answered my question why you didn t come to school yesterday. 你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有that 引导，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。(九)插入语插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语） 、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。（ 1 ）常见的副词及短语：indeed， surely， however， obviously ， frankly ，naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页