2022年计算机专业英语翻译参考 .pdf

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1、学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and huma

2、n-computer interaction. 计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrat

3、ed and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of

4、 video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however onc

5、e a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed. 最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器），减少了可用的内存总量。这对于使用大量视频内存的程序和应用来说是不可取的。专用显卡有它自己的内存和处理器，用于生成它的图像，并且不会减慢计算

6、机的速度。专用显卡也比集成显卡有更高的性能。有可能既有专门的也有集成的显卡，但是，一旦安装了专用显卡，集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。3.(P18) Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform （执行）I/O operations. The I/O instructions address （处理）the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously（异步的） accesses

7、all other required addressing and control information. This is similar to 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆DMA, but more flexible. I/O 通道需要使用专门设计来执行I/O 操作的指令。 I/O 指令处理通道或通道和设备；通道异步访问所有其他所需的寻址和控制信息。这是类似于DMA ，但更灵活。4.(P19) 调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备，它经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相

8、通信。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Modem is a device that converts analog（模拟）signals to digital signals or conversely（相反地） . It is often used to communicate between computers via（渠道）telephone lines. If the two modems can send data to each other, they use full

9、-duplex mode; if only one modem can transmit data, they use half-duplex mode. 5.(P21) We many have defined our last generation of computer and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth ” generation computers, this talk is more a marketin

10、g play than a reflection of reality. 我们已经定义了我们的上一代计算机，并且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈论的“第五”和“第六”代电脑，这个说法比起现实的反映更像是一个营销游戏。6.(P21) Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function are also associated with computer software. Since microprocessors have both ha

11、rdware and software aspects they are therefore often referred to as firmware. 虽然微处理器仍然在技术上被认为是硬件，它们的部分功能也与计算机软件有联系。因为微处理器有硬件和软件两个方面，因此，他们往往被称为固件。7.(P22) Electronic hardware consists of interconnected（互联的）electronic components（元件 /组件）which perform analog or logic operations on received and locally st

12、ored information to produce as output or store 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆resulting new information or to provide control for output actuator mechanisms（机制） . Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing

13、systems. Well-designed electronic hardware is composed of functional modules which inter-communicate via precisely defined interfaces. 电子硬件是由互连的电子元件组成的，这些电子元件对接收到的和本地存储的信息执行模拟或逻辑运算，以产生输出或存储产生的新信息或提供控制输出执行机构的机制。电子硬件的范围可以从单独的芯片/电路到分布式信息处理系统。精心设计的电子硬件是由相互通信的功能模块，通过精确定义的接口组成。8.(P23) Hardware logic is pr

14、imarily a differentiation of the data processing circuitry from other more generalized circuitry. For example, nearly all computers include a power supply which consists of circuitry not involved in data processing but rather powering the data processing circuits. Similarly, a computer may output in

15、formation to a computer monitor or audio amplifier which is also not involved in the computational process. 硬件逻辑主要是从其他更广义电路的数据处理电路的分化。例如，几乎所有的计算机都包括一个电源，该电源由不涉及数据处理的电路组成，而是提供数据处理电路的电源。同样地，计算机可以输出信息到计算机监视器或音频放大器，也不涉及计算过程。9.(P23 3 段) 10.(P30) The Space Shuttle avionics software represents a successful

16、 integration of many of the computer industrys most advanced software engineering practices and approaches. Beginning in the late 1970s this software development and maintenance project has evolved one of the worlds most mature software processes applying the principles of the highest levels of the

17、Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering, Institutes Capability Maturity Model, Trusted Software methodology, and ISO 9001 Standards. This software process, considered to be a “ best practice” by many software industry organizations includes 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，

18、共 6 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆state-of-the-practice software reliability engineering methodologies. Lve-critical Shuttle avionics software produced by this process is recognized to be highest quality and highest reliability software in operation in the world. 航天飞机的航空电子设备软件代表了许多计算机行业最先进的软件工程实践和方法的成功整合。从十九世纪七十年代后

19、期开始，这个软件开发和维护项目已经发展为世界上最成熟的软件过程之一。应用最高水平的卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究所的能力成熟度模型，可信软件方法，和国际标准化组织9001 标准的原则。这个软件过程，被许多软件行业组织认为是一个“最佳实践”，包括实践性的软件可靠性工程方法论。由这个过程产生的关键的航天飞机航空电子设备软件，被认为是世界上公认的质量最高的和可靠性最高的软件。11.(P35) Unix was originally written in assembly language. Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, based on his

20、experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix, rewritten in C, developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system. The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major s

21、ub-categories including System V, BSD, and Linux. UNIX 是用汇编语言写的。肯汤普森写的B， 主要基于 BCPL ，基于他在 Multics 项目的经验。 B 是由 C 和 UNIX所取代，用C 重写，发展成一个庞大的、复杂的相互关联的操作系统，对所有现代操作系统有影响。类UNIX系统是一组不同的操作系统中，几个主要的子类包括系统V，BSD ，Linux 。12.(P37) Log management module plays an important role in the massive spatial database managem

22、ent system. There are few three-dimensional spatial database management systems with pertinent log management sub-system, or the administrator can only use the log, which is attached by database system, to recover the data. To improve this issue, hierarchical structure of the log management module s

23、hould be taken into account. The overall design of three-dimensional spatial database management system is as follows: three-dimensional spatial database (including database system, file system), three-dimensional spatial data engine, and three-dimensional space management tools. 精选学习资料 - - - - - -

24、- - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆日志管理模块在海量空间数据库管理系统中起着重要的作用。三维空间数据库管理系统与相关的日志管理子系统很少，或管理员只能使用数据库系统所附的日志恢复数据。为了改善这个问题，应考虑日志管理模块的层次结构。三维空间数据库管理系统的总体设计是：三维空间数据库（包括数据库系统、文件系统）、三维空间数据引擎和三维空间管理工具。13.(P37) According to the 3D spatial database management system design, we divided the log ma

25、nagement into three layers. The log management system includes monitor layer of three-dimensional spatial databases triggers and file database system operations recording statements, interface layer of log management module of three-dimensional spatial database engine, and graphical user interface l

26、ayer of log management module of three-dimensional spatial data management tools. 根据三维空间数据库管理系统的设计，将日志管理分为三个层次。日志管理系统包括监控层、接口层和图形用户界面层。监控层包括三维空间数据库的触发器和文件数据库系统操作记录报表。接口层包括日志管理模块的三维空间数据库引擎。图形用户接口界面层包括日志管理模块的三维空间数据管理工具。14.(P37 3 段) 15.(P72) E-mail is a pipeline to thousands of experts on virtually eve

27、rything; it is a means of meeting people with similar interests or problems. What its not is live chat real-time conversations like those on ham radio or CB. 对于成千上万的专家来说，电子邮件是一条通向任何事的管道，它是和有类似兴趣和问题的人交友的一种方式。它不是实时聊天-使用业余无线电或CB 进行实时交谈。16.(P125) Information Security Attributes: or qualities, i.e., Conf

28、identiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Information System are composed of three main portions, hardware, software and communications with the purpose to help identify and apply information security industry standards, as mechanisms of protection and prevention, at three levels or layers: phy

29、sical, personal and organizational. Essentially, procedures or 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆policies are implemented to tell people (administrators, users and operators) how to use products to ensure information security within the organizations. 信息安全属性或特质，即保密性，完整性和可用性（CIA） 。信息系统是由三个主要部分组成，在物理，个人和组织三个层次或层作为保护和预防机制。三个部分为硬件，软件和通信，目的是帮助识别和应用信息安全行业标准。从本质上讲，程序或政策的实施，告诉人们（管理员，用户和运营商）如何使用产品，以确保组织内的信息安全。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页